A comparison between the GlideScope® classic and GlideScope® direct video laryngoscopes and direct laryngoscopy for nasotracheal intubation.

DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, clinical trial. SETTING: University hospital operation room. PATIENTS: 104 patients scheduled for elective dental or maxillofacial surgery were randomized to two groups: GlideScope® classic (GSc) and GlideScope® direct (GSd). INTERVENTIONS: We compared the video laryngoscopes GSc and GSd with each other and with direct laryngoscopy (DL) for nasotracheal intubation with regard to visualization of the glottis, intubation success rate, and required time for and ease of intubation. The aim of the study was to determine whether the use of the video monitor alone reduced the difficulty of nasotracheal intubation, and also to investigate whether the GSc, with its blade designed for difficult airways, had an additional advantage over the video-assisted Macintosh blade (GSd). In both groups the investigators first performed laryngoscopy using the GSd blade, first with the monitor concealed and then with it visible. In the GSd group the tube was then inserted into the trachea with the video monitor screen visible. In the GSc group, the GSd blade was exchanged for the GSc blade, which was then used when inserting the tube with the screen visible. RESULTS: The success rates and the times required for the video-assisted nasotracheal intubation did not differ significantly between the groups. A better view was obtained more often in the GSc group. In both groups there was a significant difference between direct laryngoscopy and the video-assisted intubation technique. Overall, using the video monitor improved the C-L scores by one grade in 52% and by two grades in 11% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Video laryngoscopes increase the ease of nasotracheal intubation. The GSc blade might provide a better view of the laryngeal structures in case of a difficult airway than the GSd blade. Video laryngoscopy per se gives a better view of the glottis than direct laryngoscopy.

Attachment style, anxiety coping, and personality-styles in withdrawn alcohol addicted inpatients.

BACKGROUND: Insecure early attachment experiences have been reported to play an important role in the manifestation in alcoholism. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of attachment styles with anxiety, anxiety coping and dysfunctional personality styles, as well as with the prevalence of personality disorders, and adverse life-events in adolescence. METHODS: 59 inpatient alcohol addicted male (n=43) and female (n=16) patients were characterized by an attachment style scale (Relationships-style-questionnaire-RSQ) and completed a questionnaire battery comprising the State-Trait-Anxiety-Inventory (STAI), the Anxiety-Coping-Inventory (ABI), Temperament-and-character-inventory (TCI), Personality-system-interaction-inventory (PSI), and gave information on sociodemography, alcohol history, and adolescent adverse events. A structured interview (SKID-II) was performed to diagnose personality disorders. RESULTS: Only 33% of subjects had a secure attachment style. Insecure attachment was associated with significantly higher trait-anxiety, higher cognitive avoidance to control anxiety, and higher values on most personality style dimensions directed to the pathological pole. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the limitation due to a small sample size, the results of this study show that the consideration of attachment styles is of significance in the diagnosis and therapy of alcohol addiction. Attachment may characterize different styles to control emotional aspects, anxiety cues and interpersonal relationships in individuals suffering from alcohol addiction.