Florence Nightingale and the women's movement: friend or foe?

The historical analysis of the complex and often contradictory views of Florence Nightingale regarding the rights of women is explored in this paper. Feminism and nursing are often viewed as contradictory and antithetical. The relationship between the two is examined through the link between Florence Nightingale and her contemporary, Barbara Leigh-Smith Bodichon. Leigh-Smith was founder and primary financier of The English Women's Journal that provided a public platform for the major feminist writings of the period. Its offices in Langham Place formed the administrative centre of the Society for Promoting the Employment of Women. Bodichon and her colleagues were often referred to as the 'Langham Place Group'. Unexplored prior to this study was the fact that Leigh-Smith and Nightingale were first cousins. Utilizing techniques of internal and external criticism, primary and secondary sources were surveyed relating to Nightingale and Leigh-Smith. The views of both women on the subjects of the rights of women, women's suffrage, the employment status of women, and the societal place of women are compared and contrasted. The legacy of both Leigh-Smith and Nightingale to twentieth century feminism, the status of women, and the profession of nursing is then elaborated. The exploration of the views of both Nightingale and Leigh-Smith is important to gain a clearer understanding of the existing relationship between nursing and feminism. In keeping with the aims of feminist inquiry, women's experiences, specifically those of Nightingale and Leigh-Smith, are the major 'objects' of investigation. The concluding interpretation provides a synthesis that is emancipatory as well as knowledge generative.

Martha E. Rogers: a life history.

The 20th century in nursing has focused heavily on theory development. While theorizing about nursing--what it is, and what it is not--can be traced back to Nightingale, Martha E. Rogers' An Introduction to the Theoretical Basis of Nursing (1970) marked the advent of a new era in nursing science. With a view of nursing as a "learned profession," this landmark work staked out a substantive knowledge base for the discipline. The science of unitary human beings proposed by Rogers was a radical departure from all that had come before and is seen by many as pioneering the beginning of a paradigmatic shift within the profession. The purpose of this inquiry is to document the self-described events across the life span of Martha E. Rogers that she perceived as having influenced the development of the science of unitary human beings. A life history approach is utilized and the data are organized chronologically. This life story of Martha E. Rogers is essential to the current and future understanding of the evolution of the culture of nursing. Likewise, more is learned about the nature and process of theory development.