ABSTRACT
Jasmonates (JAs) are ubiquitously occurring signaling compounds in plants formed in response to biotic and abiotic stress as well as in development. (+)-7-iso-jasmonoyl isoleucine, the bioactive JA, is involved in most JA-dependent processes mediated by the F-box protein COI1 in a proteasome-dependent manner. However, there is an increasing number of examples, where the precursor of JA biosynthesis, cis-(+)-12-oxophytodienoic acid (OPDA) is active in a JA/COI1-independent manner. Here, we discuss those OPDA-dependent processes, thereby giving emphasis on tomato embryo development. Recent data on seed coat-generated OPDA and its role in embryo development is discussed based on biochemical and genetic evidences.
Subject(s)
Cyclopentanes/metabolism , Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/metabolism , Oxylipins/metabolism , Plant Proteins/metabolism , Seeds/embryology , Seeds/metabolism , Solanum lycopersicum/embryology , Solanum lycopersicum/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Isoleucine/analogs & derivatives , Isoleucine/metabolism , Solanum lycopersicum/genetics , Models, Biological , Mutation/genetics , Signal TransductionABSTRACT
Oxylipins including jasmonates are signaling compounds in plant growth, development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) most mutants affected in jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis and signaling are male sterile, whereas the JA-insensitive tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) mutant jai1 is female sterile. The diminished seed formation in jai1 together with the ovule-specific accumulation of the JA biosynthesis enzyme allene oxide cyclase (AOC), which correlates with elevated levels of JAs, suggest a role of oxylipins in tomato flower/seed development. Here, we show that 35S::SlAOC-RNAi lines with strongly reduced AOC in ovules exhibited reduced seed set similarly to the jai1 plants. Investigation of embryo development of wild-type tomato plants showed preferential occurrence of AOC promoter activity and AOC protein accumulation in the developing seed coat and the embryo, whereas 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) was the dominant oxylipin occurring nearly exclusively in the seed coat tissues. The OPDA- and JA-deficient mutant spr2 was delayed in embryo development and showed an increased programmed cell death in the developing seed coat and endosperm. In contrast, the mutant acx1a, which accumulates preferentially OPDA and residual amount of JA, developed embryos similar to the wild type, suggesting a role of OPDA in embryo development. Activity of the residual amount of JA in the acx1a mutant is highly improbable since the known reproductive phenotype of the JA-insensitive mutant jai1 could be rescued by wound-induced formation of OPDA. These data suggest a role of OPDA or an OPDA-related compound for proper embryo development possibly by regulating carbohydrate supply and detoxification.
Subject(s)
Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/metabolism , Seeds/embryology , Seeds/metabolism , Solanum lycopersicum/embryology , Solanum lycopersicum/metabolism , Apoptosis/drug effects , Cyclopentanes/pharmacology , Endosperm/drug effects , Endosperm/metabolism , Fruit/drug effects , Fruit/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects , Intramolecular Oxidoreductases/genetics , Intramolecular Oxidoreductases/metabolism , Solanum lycopersicum/enzymology , Solanum lycopersicum/genetics , Mutation/genetics , Organ Specificity/drug effects , Organ Specificity/genetics , Ovule/drug effects , Ovule/enzymology , Oxylipins/metabolism , Oxylipins/pharmacology , Phenotype , Plant Proteins/genetics , Plant Proteins/metabolism , Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics , RNA Interference/drug effects , Seeds/drug effectsABSTRACT
Summer annuals overwinter as seeds in the soil seed bank. This is facilitated by a cold-induced increase in dormancy during seed maturation followed by a switch to a state during seed imbibition in which cold instead promotes germination. Here, we show that the seed maturation transcriptome in Arabidopsis thaliana is highly temperature sensitive and reveal that low temperature during seed maturation induces several genes associated with dormancy, including DELAY OF GERMINATION1 (DOG1), and influences gibberellin and abscisic acid levels in mature seeds. Mutants lacking DOG1, or with altered gibberellin or abscisic acid synthesis or signaling, in turn show reduced ability to enter the deeply dormant states in response to low seed maturation temperatures. In addition, we find that DOG1 promotes gibberellin catabolism during maturation. We show that C-REPEAT BINDING FACTORS (CBFs) are necessary for regulation of dormancy and of GA2OX6 and DOG1 expression caused by low temperatures. However, the temperature sensitivity of CBF transcription is markedly reduced in seeds and is absent in imbibed seeds. Our data demonstrate that inhibition of CBF expression is likely a critical feature allowing cold to promote rather than inhibit germination and support a model in which CBFs act in parallel to a low-temperature signaling pathway in the regulation of dormancy.
