Umbilical cord blood acid-base state: what is normal?

OBJECTIVE: Umbilical cord blood gases and acid-base data from vigorous neonates were examined to determine normal values and ranges. STUDY DESIGN: The University of California, San Francisco, Perinatal Data Base was used to retrieve information from deliveries between 1977 and 1993. Newborns with 5-minute Apgar scores > or = 7 were selected because it is generally accepted that a vigorous newborn has not had substantial intrapartum asphyxia lasting until delivery. RESULTS: Full blood gas and obstetric data were available for 16,060 newborns. Of these, 15,073 (94%) had a 5-minute Apgar score > or = 7. The median umbilical artery values, with 2.5th percentile values in parenthesis, were pH 7.26 (7.10), PCO2 52 mm Hg (74), base excess -4 mEq x L(-1) (-11), and PO2 177 mm Hg (6). Although the distributions were skewed, the mean +/- 2 SDs were similar to these values. Data for these babies were further analyzed by method of delivery, gestational age, presentation, and presence of thick meconium. Although the means were significantly different in all groups, the differences between groups were relatively small. CONCLUSION: A wide range of acid-base values were found in babies with normal Apgar scores, defining the "physiologic acidemia" of the normal vigorous newborn.

Does midline episiotomy increase the risk of third- and fourth-degree lacerations in operative vaginal deliveries?

OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between midline episiotomy and the risk of third- and fourth-degree lacerations during operative vaginal delivery with either vacuum extractor or forceps. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study analyzed all operative vaginal deliveries at a university hospital in 1989 and 1990. Univariate analysis of the relationships between perineal lacerations and obstetric variables was performed. Stratified analysis using the relevant variables was used to calculate relative risk (RR) estimates. RESULTS: Episiotomy, birth weight, and whether the index birth was the first vaginal birth were associated with third- and fourth-degree perineal lacerations. Stratified analysis demonstrated an RR of 2.4 with a 95% confidence interval of 1.7-3.5 for rectal injury with episiotomy, adjusting for parity and birth weight. CONCLUSION: Midline episiotomy is associated with an increased risk of third- and fourth-degree perineal lacerations in operative vaginal deliveries.