ABSTRACT
Superficial fungal infections are most common in tropical and subtropical countries. In this study, 297 suspected superficial fungal infection cases were identified among 15,950 patients screened. The collected samples (skin, nail, and hair) were subjected to direct microscopy with potassium hydroxide and cultured on Sabourauds dextrose agar to identify the fungal species. The prevalence of superficial fungal infection was 27.6% (82/297), dermatophytosis was 75.6% (62/82), and non-dermatophytosis was 24.4% (20/82). Among the isolated dermatophytes, Trichophyton rubrum was the commonest species (79%) and Candida (60%) the commonest non-dermatophytic species. Tinea corporis was the commonest (78%) clinical presentation.
Subject(s)
Dermatomycoses/epidemiology , Dermatomycoses/microbiology , Rural Population , Adult , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , India/epidemiology , Male , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Young AdultABSTRACT
Interleukin-1 plays a key role in inflammation and keratinocyte activation. It is an important mediator in the initiation and maintenance of psoriatic plaques and may represent an attractive therapeutic target. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of Methotrexate (MTX) on IL-1 α and IL-1 ß levels in both plasma and skin biopsy of patients with psoriasis and to investigate their association with clinical disease activity. Forty-five control subjects and 58 patients with psoriasis were recruited for this study. The patients were treated with 7.5 mg of MTX per week for 12 weeks. Folic acid was given at 5 mg once daily except on the day of MTX for 12 weeks. Blood samples and lesional skin biopsy were taken. Disease severity was assessed by Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) score. IL-1 levels in plasma and skin biopsy were analysed using ELISA. PASI score declined significantly (P < 0.001) from day 0 to 12 weeks of MTX treatment. IL-1 α level in plasma and skin biopsy was reduced at day 0 sample and elevated significantly (P < 0.001) after MTX treatment. IL-1ß level in plasma and skin biopsy was higher at day 0 sample and reduced significantly (P < 0.001) after MTX treatment. IL-1α levels and PASI score showed inverse correlation score before and after treatment with MTX. Whereas IL-1ß levels showed positive correlation before and after treatment with MTX. Decreasing IL-1ß levels by MTXs in psoriasis may block the Th17 differentiation. This shows the therapeutic effect of MTX in controlling the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis.
Subject(s)
Interleukin-1alpha/blood , Interleukin-1beta/blood , Methotrexate/therapeutic use , Psoriasis/drug therapy , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Cell Differentiation/drug effects , Cell Differentiation/immunology , Female , Humans , Interleukin-1alpha/metabolism , Interleukin-1beta/metabolism , Male , Middle Aged , Psoriasis/blood , Skin/immunology , Skin/metabolism , Th17 Cells/immunology , Treatment Outcome , Young AdultABSTRACT
Keratoconus is a progressive non-inflammatory thinning of the cornea that induces myopia and irregular astigmatism and decreases the quality of vision due to monocular diplopia, halos, or ghost images. Keratoconus patients unfit for corneal procedures and intolerant to refractive correction by spectacles or contact lenses have been implanted toric posterior chamber phakic intraocular lenses (PC pIOLs) alone or combined with other surgical procedures to correct the refractive errors associated with keratoconus as an off label procedure with special informed consent from the patients. Several reports attest to the safety and efficacy of the procedure, though the associated corneal higher order aberrations would have an impact on the final visual quality.
