Association between cytomegalovirus infection and neurological disorders: A systematic review.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) belongs to the Herpesviridae family and is also known as human herpesvirus type 5. It is a common virus that usually doesn't cause any symptoms in healthy individuals. However, once infected, the virus remains in the host's body for life and can reactivate when the host's immune system weakens. This virus has been linked to several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Autism spectrum disorder, Huntington's disease (HD), ataxia, Bell's palsy (BP), and brain tumours, which can cause a wide range of symptoms and challenges for those affected. CMV may influence inflammation, contribute to brain tissue damage, and elevate the risk of moderate-to-severe dementia. Multiple studies suggest a potential association between CMV and ataxia in various conditions, including Guillain-Barré syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, acute cerebellitis, etc. On the other hand, the evidence regarding CMV involvement in BP is conflicting, and also early indications of a link between CMV and HD were challenged by subsequent research disproving CMV's presence. This systematic review aims to comprehensively investigate any link between the pathogenesis of CMV and its potential role in neurological disorders and follows the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis checklist. Despite significant research into the potential links between CMV infection and various neurological disorders, the direct cause-effect relationship is not fully understood and several gaps in knowledge persist. Therefore, continued research is necessary to gain a better understanding of the role of CMV in neurological disorders and potential treatment avenues.

A systematic review on environmental perspectives of monkeypox virus.

Monkeypox (MPX) is one of the common infections between humans and animals that caused by a virus belonging to the Orthopoxvirus genus. The Monkeypox virus (MPXV) outbreak is a global crisis triggered by environmental factors (virus, wastewater, surface, air) and amplified by the decisions of government officials and communities. The aim of this systematic review is to describe the environmental perspectives of MPXV with emphasis on risk assessment to prevent and control a new pandemic. Five online databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct and Google Scholar were searched from 1990 to October 2022. Among 120 records, after the screening, four studies were included in the systematic review. The systematic review revealed that the possibility of MPXV transmission through wastewater, air, and the contaminated surfaces is a significant concern and its detection and destroying will play a major role in controlling the spread of the virus. Poxviruses have a high environmental stability, but are sensitive to all common chemical disinfectants. In conclusion, this study revealed that the environmental surveillance can be used as a complementary tool for detecting pathogens circulation in communities. This implies that the monitoring of environmental perspectives of MPXV can provide new awareness into virus transmission routes as well as the role of stakeholders and public health policies in MPXV risk management.

A review on insights and lessons from COVID-19 to the prevent of monkeypox pandemic.

Re-emerging of monkeypox virus (MPXV), a neglected viral zoonotic disease, is a potential global threat. In the current COVID-19 pandemic status, the increasing reporting of positive cases of human MPXV in most countries of the world is a major reason for concern. This paper aims to describe the insights and lessons from COVID-19 pandemic in preventing the impending danger MPXV. In order to prevent further outbreak of disease, identify and control of MPXV transmission routes is necessary. Public health authorities should be vigilant and applied of effective strategies to mitigate the potential spread of MPXV. To address research gaps related to MPX outbreaks, national, regional, and international collaborations are required in time. Finally, the lessons and insights put forward point to the fact that, like the COVID-19 pandemic, people's health by and large depends on the decisions of government officials and people must continue to adhere to health principles. Hence, governments and policymakers must take appropriate precautionary measures to prevent similar crises like COVID-19 in the world.

Simultaneous monitoring of SARS-CoV-2, bacteria, and fungi in indoor air of hospital: a study on Hajar Hospital in Shahrekord, Iran.

The novel SARS-CoV-2 outbreak was declared as pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020. Understanding the airborne route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission is essential for infection prevention and control. In this study, a total of 107 indoor air samples (45 SARS-CoV-2, 62 bacteria, and fungi) were collected from different wards of the Hajar Hospital in Shahrekord, Iran. Simultaneously, bacterial and fungal samples were also collected from the ambient air of hospital yard. Overall, 6 positive air samples were detected in the infectious 1 and infectious 2 wards, intensive care unit (ICU), computed tomography (CT) scan, respiratory patients' clinic, and personal protective equipment (PPE) room. Also, airborne bacteria and fungi were simultaneously detected in the various wards of the hospital with concentrations ranging from 14 to 106 CFU m-3 and 18 to 141 CFU m-3, respectively. The highest mean concentrations of bacteria and fungi were observed in respiratory patients' clinics and ICU wards, respectively. Significant correlation (p < 0.05) was found between airborne bacterial concentration and the presence of SARS-CoV-2, while no significant correlation was found between fungi concentration and the virus presence. This study provided an additional evidence about the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the indoor air of a hospital that admitted COVID-19 patients. Moreover, it was revealed that the monitoring of microbial quality of indoor air in such hospitals is very important, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, for controlling the nosocomial infections.

Protective effects of modafinil administration on testicular torsion/detorsion damage in rats.

Testicular torsion is a pathological condition which leads to sever scrotal pain and ischemia. After surgical reperfusion, oxidative stress factors cause to germ cell apoptosis. Thus, adjuvant therapy to surgery should be useful to decrease of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury of testis. Modafinil, a drug to treat sleepiness, has been indicated to have anti-inflammatory effects. The aim was to evaluate the efficiency of modafinil administration after reperfusion surgery in a rat model of testicular torsion/detorsion (T/D). Male wistar rats were divided into three groups and each group contained 10 animals. To induce torsion right testis was rotated 720° clockwise and was left for 1 h. Modafinil group received modafinil (10 mg/kg) once daily intraperitoneally for 7 days after the surgery and the control group received physiologic saline once daily intraperitoneally for 7 days after the surgery. Thereafter, MDA, IL-1ß and TNF-α levels and histopathological changes were investigated. MDA, IL-1ß and TNF-α levels significantly increased in T/D group compared to the control group (⁎⁎P < .01 and ⁎⁎⁎P < .001, respectively). Moreover, modafinil administration significantly reduced these values compared to T/D group (#P < .05 and ##P < .01, respectively). Histopathological changes such as degeneration in germinal cells were detected in testis T/D group of rats whereas modafinil administration prevented degeneration in germinal cells, edema and hemorrhage compared with T/D group. In conclusion, administration of modafinil after reperfusion surgery had protective role on testicular torsion in rat and reduced ischemia/reperfusion cellular injury via anti-inflammatory and decrease of oxidative stress.