ABSTRACT
Abstract Problem situation: The characterization of students in a Medical Program and its impact on academic performance and successful completion is a relatively unstudied process in medical education. Material and Methods: This observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study characterized students in the Medical Program at the Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira from 1977-2018. Results: Participants were grouped into applicants (23738), enrolled (3714), graduates (1984), and non-graduates (1730). In the enrolled student subgroup, the male:female ratio varied with a trend favoring females in terms of age when starting the program, age at graduation, graduation percentage, and periods enrolled. Application and enrollment were predominantly composed of students from lower socioeconomic strata, and who had graduated from public schools. There was a progressive participation of women in all groups, completing the program in less time and graduating at a younger age. The applicant/enrollment ratio was 25:1, unmet demand was 96% and the adjusted percentage of non-graduates was 27.4%. Conclusion: This information opens the discussion on the development of educational policies that seek to increase coverage and strengthen student follow-up programs, allowing for a timely and successful graduation.
Resumen Situación Problemática: La caracterización de los estudiantes de un Programa de Medicina y su impacto en el desempeño académico y egreso exitoso, es un proceso relativamente poco estudiado en la educación médica. Materiales y Métodos: El presente estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal, caracterizó los estudiantes del programa de Medicina de la Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira en el periodo 1977-2018. Resultados: Los participantes fueron clasificados en aspirantes (23738), matriculados (3714), graduados (1984) y no graduados (1730). En el subgrupo de estudiantes matriculados, la relación hombre: mujer fue variable con una tendencia que favoreció a la mujer en términos de edad de ingreso, edad de graduación, porcentaje de graduación y periodos matriculados. Predominó la inscripción y matrícula de estudiantes de estratos socioeconómicos bajos, provenientes del Eje Cafetero y de colegios púbicos. Se apreció una progresiva participación de las mujeres en todos los grupos que presentaron menor tiempo de duración de la carrera y menor edad en el momento de la graduación. La relación inscrita/matriculado fue de 25:1, la demanda insatisfecha fue del 96% y el porcentaje ajustado de estudiantes no graduados fue del 27.4%. Conclusión: Estos datos permiten la discusión sobre el desarrollo de políticas educativas que procuren un aumento en la cobertura y el fortalecimiento de programas de seguimiento del estudiante que le permitan un egreso oportuno y exitoso.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Students, Medical/psychology , Demography , Academic Success , Students, Medical , Observational Studies as TopicABSTRACT
[Prologue - Carissa F. Etienne]. In the “Era of Sustainable Development,” health is an essential input and the most valuable human development outcome. Achieving the best health outcomes involves tackling the environmental and social determinants of health that are the subject of this book. Health is often mentioned in the outcome documents of the Rio+20 Conference and the new Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) established by the Member States and detailed in the report of the UN Secretary-General: The Road to Dignity by 2030: Ending Poverty, Transforming All Lives and Protecting the Planet. The new set of 17 goals includes a stand-alone goal for health— SDG 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages—and addresses the environmental and social determinants of health in the other 16. This book covers most of the health-related SDG themes and, it is hoped, will assist the public health community in creating the intersectoral synergies necessary for implementing the sustainable development goals in the decades to come. The new UN Sustainable Development Agenda recognizes that environmental degradation has its roots in profound social, economic, and technological inequities that can and should be remedied. This means that the entire local and global framework of public policies, initiatives, and programs to promote public health must be expeditiously, critically, and realistically harmonized and modernized to move toward sustainable development with greater justice and solidarity. This publication offers an independent perspective and does not necessarily express the agreements and resolutions of the Governing Bodies of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). In its 31 chapters, more than 100 authors and co-authors from different countries of the Region of the Americas voice their opinions, analyze situations, and offer proposals for strengthening and advancing decision-making capacity, public policies, intervention programs, and the necessary lines of applied research. This English edition of Environmental and Social Determinants of Health expands on and updates the content of the earlier editions published in Spanish in 2010 and Portuguese in 2011. Our hope is that it will foster a general understanding and further the debate about the importance of mitigating the health damage caused by the most pressing environmental and social determinants associated directly or indirectly with health issues. This publication represents PAHO’s continued commitment to more coherent management of the health determinants, grounded in a series of ethical principles and policies geared to promoting the health and well-being of all, especially the most vulnerable population groups.
Subject(s)
Environmental Health , Social Determinants of Health , Sustainable Development , Environment and Public Health , Environment , Climate Change , Sanitation , Communicable Diseases, Emerging , Environmental Damage Minimization , Toxicology , AmericasABSTRACT
Este livro tem como objetivo disseminar no Brasil análises e debates para a redução dos danos à saúde associados a problemas ambientais. Os organizadores chamam atenção para a crescente medicalização das agendas de saúde, ignorando com frequência a crescente massa de evidências que associam uma boa ou má saúde individual e coletiva a um grau de determinantes ambientais e sociais, dominados por amplas iniquidades sociais e econômicas que limitam o bem estar e o progresso de amplos setores da população. A coletânea é dividida em três partes. A primeira discute as novas agendas de saúde, o desenvolvimento sustentável e a governança da saúde ambiental. A segunda reúne trabalhos sobre temas técnicos de caráter geral, como epidemiologia, toxicologia, mudanças climáticas, doenças infecciosas emergentes e comunicação de riscos. Aborda também o papel dos laboratórios de saúde ambiental, a deterioração dos ecossistemas e a proteção à saúde do consumidor. Já a terceira parte analisa questões mais especificas ligadas à energia, à universalização do saneamento básico, aos alimentos geneticamente modificados, aos desastres naturais e aos cuidados com a primeira infância...
Subject(s)
Humans , Sustainable Development , Environmental Imbalance , Environment , Environmental Monitoring , Socioeconomic Planning/policies , Environmental Pollution , Environmental Health , Food, Genetically Modified , Latin America , Communicable Diseases, Emerging , Vulnerable Populations , Basic SanitationABSTRACT
Esperamos que o livro Determinantes ambientais e sociais da saúde contribua para a análise e o debate e facilite a compreensão sobre a importância da redução dos danos à saúde associados aos problemas prioritários de saúde ambiental. O livro “Determinantes ambientais e sociais da saúde” representa um ponto de vista independente e, ao mesmo tempo, complementar à publicação periódica sobre “Saúde nas Américas” no que se refere à saúde ambiental, principalmente em países da América Latina e do Caribe. Nos 27 capítulos que compõem este livro, mais de uma centena de autores e coautores de vários países da Região expressam suas opiniões, analisam a situação e elaboram propostas para fortalecer e fazer avançar as políticas públicas, os programas de intervenção e as linhas de pesquisa aplicada. Igualmente, abordam a governança e os mecanismos de decisão relacionados a diversos temas e problemas substanciais que afetam a saúde ambiental. O livro é dirigido a todos aqueles comprometidos com o desenvolvimento sustentável, em particular aos responsáveis pelo projeto, avaliação e implementação de políticas públicas e programas vinculados à saúde ambiental. Esperamos que seja de utilidade para os estudiosos dos processos interativos entre sociedade, ambiente, desenvolvimento e saúde.
Subject(s)
Sustainable Development , Environmental Pollution , Environment and Public Health , Socioeconomic Planning , Environmental Health , Environmental Monitoring , Environment , Environmental Imbalance , Latin AmericaSubject(s)
Humans , Environmental Health , Environmental Policy , Human Rights , Pesticide Exposure , Social Justice , Caribbean Region , Congresses as Topic , Latin America , MercosurABSTRACT
Emergencia es algo inesperado y esta situación se veía venir desde hace muchos años. En resumen, los recursos no alcanzan porque los gastos superan los ingresos haciendo inviable el sistema. Esta decisión, además de equivocada e inconstitucional, es impopular y nos pone como educadores en salud en dificultades mayores para articular las competencias que el futuro médico debe desarrollar para ejercer su profesión con dignidad y argumentación científica con un atentado a la autonomía desprofesionalizando su quehacer y limitándolo a un escaso listado de procesos, para no poner en riesgo el sistema. A lo anterior debemos sumarle la grave situación en que pone a los prestadores y a los pacientes.
Subject(s)
Legislation, HospitalABSTRACT
Taking into account the environmental persistence and the toxicity of DDT, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) organized a surveillance program in Mesoamerica which included the detection of residual DDT in environmental (soil) and biological samples (fish tissue and children's blood). This program was carried out in communities from Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama. This paper presents the first report of that program. As expected, the results show that the levels for [summation operator] DDT in soil (outdoor or indoor) and fish samples in the majority of the locations studied are below guidelines. However, in some locations, we found children with high concentrations of DDT as in Mexico (mean level 50.2 ng/mL). Furthermore, in some communities and for some matrices, the DDT/DDE quotient is higher than one and this may reflect a recent DDT exposure. Therefore, more efforts are needed to avoid exposure and to prevent the reintroduction of DDT into the region. In this regard it is important to know that under the surveillance of PAHO and with the support of UNEP, a regional program in Mesoamerica for the collection and disposal of DDT and other POPs stockpiles is in progress.
Subject(s)
DDT/analysis , DDT/metabolism , Environmental Exposure/analysis , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Environmental Pollutants/analysis , Environmental Pollutants/metabolism , Animals , Central America , Child , Child, Preschool , DDT/blood , Environmental Pollutants/blood , Fishes/metabolism , Humans , Mexico , Soil/analysisABSTRACT
Esperamos que el libro “Determinantes ambientales y sociales de la salud” aporte al análisis, el debate y facilite la comprensión acerca de la importancia de la mitigación de los daños a la salud asociados con los problemas prioritarios de salud ambiental. El libro “Determinantes ambientales y sociales de la salud” representa un punto de vista independiente y a su vez complementario a la publicación periódica sobre “Salud en las Américas” en lo referente a la salud ambiental, principalmente en países de América Latina y el Caribe. En los 25 capítulos que conforman este libro, más de un centenar de autores y coautores de varios países de la Región expresan sus opiniones, analizan la situación y elaboran propuestas para fortalecer y hacer avanzar las políticas públicas, los programas de intervención y las líneas de investigación aplicada. Igualmente, abordan la gobernanza y mecanismos de decisión en torno a diversos temas y problemas sustantivos que aquejan a la salud ambiental. El libro está dirigido a todos los comprometidos con el desarrollo sostenible en particular a los responsables del diseño, evaluación e implementación de políticas públicas y programas vinculados con la salud ambiental. Aspiramos a que el libro sea de utilidad para los estudiosos de los procesos interactivos entre sociedad, ambiente, desarrollo y salud.
Subject(s)
Environmental Health , Environmental Pollution , Environment and Public Health , Environment , Environmental Damage Minimization , Socioeconomic Planning , Environmental Imbalance , Latin America , Sustainable DevelopmentABSTRACT
With PLAGSALUD support, pesticide illness surveillance has extended to all seven Central American countries, producing 7,000 poisoning reports in 2000, but governments' use of the surveillance data has been limited by inadequacies of data management, interpretation, and reporting and an influential pesticide industry in weak economies. Overrepresented reports of suicides minimize occupational hazards. In six countries, 32,245 questionnaire responses indicated 98% underreporting of pesticide poisonings and a regional estimate of 400,000 poisonings per year (1.9% of the population), 76% work-related. A potentially far-reaching measure to come out of this surveillance is an agreement of the ministers of health of Central America and the Dominican Republic (RESSCAD 2000) for a harmonized list of banned and restricted pesticides, including the 12 most frequently reported. The RESSCAD agreement has met considerable resistance from industry. Its achievement versus failure will disclose the ability of Central American governments to prioritize protection of human health against commercial corporate interests. Surveillance data have potential for policy reform, but a more aggressive health sector is needed, linked with the environmental sector, grass-roots organizations, and universities.
Subject(s)
Developing Countries , Environmental Exposure/statistics & numerical data , Pest Control/methods , Pesticides/poisoning , Population Surveillance , Central America/epidemiology , Environmental Exposure/adverse effects , Humans , Occupational Exposure/adverse effects , Occupational Exposure/statistics & numerical data , Policy MakingABSTRACT
Se ocupa de los efectos causados por los plaguicidas en los humanos y en el ambiente y de la escalada mundial que ha sufrido su producción en los últimos treinta años, sobre todo en Centroamérica.Nombra posibles estrategias para reducir su uso y al proyecto PLAGSALUD que intenta apoyar a los países en la mejora del uso y control de plaguicidas
Subject(s)
Central America , Pesticides , Environmental Health , Environment , Toxic Substances , Chemical PollutantsABSTRACT
Se ocupa de los efectos causados por los plaguicidas en los humanos y en el ambiente y de la escalada mundial que ha sufrido su producción en los últimos treinta años, sobre todo en Centroamérica.Nombra posibles estrategias para reducir su uso y al proyecto PLAGSALUD que intenta apoyar a los países en la mejora del uso y control de plaguicidas
