ABSTRACT
Photosensitivity in most echinoderms has been attributed to 'diffuse' dermal receptors. Here we report that certain single calcite crystals used by brittlestars for skeletal construction are also a component of specialized photosensory organs, conceivably with the function of a compound eye. The analysis of arm ossicles in Ophiocoma showed that in light-sensitive species, the periphery of the labyrinthic calcitic skeleton extends into a regular array of spherical microstructures that have a characteristic double-lens design. These structures are absent in light-indifferent species. Photolithographic experiments in which a photoresist film was illuminated through the lens array showed selective exposure of the photoresist under the lens centres. These results provide experimental evidence that the microlenses are optical elements that guide and focus the light inside the tissue. The estimated focal distance (4-7 micrometer below the lenses) coincides with the location of nerve bundles-the presumed primary photoreceptors. The lens array is designed to minimize spherical aberration and birefringence and to detect light from a particular direction. The optical performance is further optimized by phototropic chromatophores that regulate the dose of illumination reaching the receptors. These structures represent an example of a multifunctional biomaterial that fulfills both mechanical and optical functions.
Subject(s)
Calcium Carbonate , Echinodermata/physiology , Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate/physiology , Animals , Biomechanical Phenomena , Echinodermata/anatomy & histology , Echinodermata/chemistry , Echinodermata/ultrastructure , Light , Optics and Photonics , Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate/chemistry , Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate/ultrastructure , Sense Organs/physiologyABSTRACT
Developed in response to a growing need for consumer health information and to extend awareness of quality health information resources available on the Internet, MEDLINEplus was introduced by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) in October 1998. This article gives a brief history and overview of MEDLINEplus and describes the content of this full-text consumer health information resource.
Subject(s)
Internet , MEDLINE/trends , Patient Education as Topic , HumansSubject(s)
Reproduction , Seasons , Starfish/physiology , Animals , Female , Male , Nova Scotia , Oogenesis , Ovary/cytology , Ovary/physiology , Oviposition , Spermatogenesis , Starfish/embryology , Testis/cytology , Testis/physiologyABSTRACT
A fraction rich in secretory granules was prepared from the pyloric caeca of Asterias amurensis by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The freshly prepared fraction exhibited no casein-hydrolyzing activity- but showed nine times as much specific activity as that of tissue homogenates after incubation at 37 degrees C for thirty minutes. Electron microscopy showed that the secretory granules were membrane-bound granules measuring 0.5-290 mu in diameter and contained dense and/or light amorphous substances.
