Cytotoxic Potential of Novel Quinoline Derivative: 11-(1,4-Bisaminopropylpiperazinyl)5-methyl-5H-indolo[2,3-b]quinoline against Different Cancer Cell Lines via Activation and Deactivation of the Expression of Some Proteins.

The current study evaluated the cytotoxic activity of 11-(1,4-bisaminopropylpiperazinyl)5-methyl-5H-indolo[2,3-b]quinoline (BAPPN), a novel derivative of 5-methyl-5H-indolo[2,3-b]quinoline, against hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), colon carcinoma (HCT-116), breast (MCF-7), and lung (A549) cancer cell lines and the possible molecular mechanism through which it exerts its cytotoxic activity. BAPPN was synthesized and characterized with FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy. The binding affinity scores of BAPPN for caspase-3 PDB: 7JL7 was -7.836, with an RMSD of 1.483° A. In silico screening of ADME properties indicated that BAPPN showed promising oral bioavailability records in addition to their high gastrointestinal absorption and blood-brain barrier penetrability. BAPPN induced cytotoxicity, with IC50 values of 3.3, 23, 3.1, and 9.96 µg/mL against cancer cells HepG2, HCT-116, MCF-7, and A549, respectively. In addition, it induced cell injury and morphological changes in ultracellular structure, including cellular delayed activity, vanishing of membrane blebbing, microvilli, cytoplasmic condensation, and shrunken nucleus with more condensed chromatin autophagosomes. Furthermore, BAPPN significantly increased the protein expression of caspase-3 and tumor suppressor protein (P53). However, it significantly reduced the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein into the medium and decreased the protein expression of proliferation cellular nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki67 in HepG2, HCT-116, MCF-7, and A549 cells. This study indicates that BAPPN has cytotoxic action against liver, colon, breast, and lung cancer cell lines via the up-regulation of apoptotic proteins, caspase-3 and P53, and the downregulation of proliferative proteins, VEGF, PCNA, and Ki67.

In Silico Screening and Anticancer-Apoptotic Evaluation of Newly Synthesized Thienopyrimidine/Sulfonamide Hybrids.

This work describes the design and synthesis of new hybrids of thienopyrimidine and sulfonamides. The binding affinity of the prepared compounds to FGFR-1 enzyme and caspase-3 was investigated via molecular docking. The cytotoxic effect was estimated for the synthesized compounds against human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB231) using Doxorubicin as a reference. All the tested compounds exhibited moderate to excellent anticancer efficacy against both tested cell lines, among which 3b and 4bi were the best. All the synthesized compounds exhibited distinguishing selectivity index values greater than Doxorubicin. The influence of the new hybrids under inquiry was further examined on both FGFR-1 and Caspase-3. The results revealed that compound 3b showed observed concordance between anti-proliferative activity and Caspase-3 activity. In respect to the compounds' effect on the apoptosis, compound 3b significantly increased the population of late apoptotic cells and necrotic cells. In silico pharmacokinetic investigation revealed that compound 3b showed the best intestinal absorption, BBB permeability, and, along with 4bi and 4bii, the best CNS penetrability.

Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems: A Review of the Implication of Nanoparticles' Physicochemical Properties on Responses in Biological Systems.

In the last four decades, nanotechnology has gained momentum with no sign of slowing down. The application of inventions or products from nanotechnology has revolutionised all aspects of everyday life ranging from medical applications to its impact on the food industry. Nanoparticles have made it possible to significantly extend the shelf lives of food product, improve intracellular delivery of hydrophobic drugs and improve the efficacy of specific therapeutics such as anticancer agents. As a consequence, nanotechnology has not only impacted the global standard of living but has also impacted the global economy. In this review, the characteristics of nanoparticles that confers them with suitable and potentially toxic biological effects, as well as their applications in different biological fields and nanoparticle-based drugs and delivery systems in biomedicine including nano-based drugs currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are discussed. The possible consequence of continuous exposure to nanoparticles due to the increased use of nanotechnology and possible solution is also highlighted.

In-Silico Screening of Novel Synthesized Thienopyrimidines Targeting Fms Related Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-3 and Their In-Vitro Biological Evaluation.

The present investigation describes the design strategy and synthesis of novel thienopyrimidine compounds in addition to their anticancer activity targeting tyrosine kinase FLT3 enzyme. The synthesized compounds were subjected to a cytotoxic study where compounds 9a and 9b showed the most potent cytotoxicity against HT-29, HepG-2, and MCF-7 cell lines reflected by their IC50 values for 9a (1.21 ± 0.34, 6.62 ± 0.7 and 7.2 ± 1.9 µM), for 9b (0.85 ± 0.16, 9.11 ± 0.3 and 16.26 ± 2.3 µM) and better than that of reference standard which recorded (1.4 ± 1.16, 13.915 ± 2.2, and 8.43 ± 0.5 µM), respectively. Compounds' selectivity to malignant cells was determined using selectivity assay, interestingly, all the tested compounds demonstrated an excellent selectivity index (SI) range from 20.2 to 99.7. Target in-silico prediction revealed the FLT3 kinase enzyme was the kinase enzyme of highest probability. Molecular docking studies were performed on the prepared compounds which showed promising binding affinity for FLT3 kinase enzyme and the main interactions between the synthesized ligands and kinase active site were similar to those between the co-crystallized ligand and the receptor. Further biological exploration was performed using in-vitro FLT3 kinase enzyme inhibition assay. The results showed that the 2-morpholinoacetamido derivative 10a exhibited highest FLT3 inhibitory activity among the tested compounds followed by compound 9a then 12. Pharmacokinetic assessment disclosed that all the investigated compounds were considered as "drug-like" molecules with promising bioavailability.

Design and Synthesis of New Thiophene/Thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidines along with Their Cytotoxic Biological Evaluation as Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Addition to Their Apoptotic and Autophagic Induction.

This work describes the synthesis and anticancer activity against kinase enzymes of newly designed thiophene and thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives, along with their potential to activate autophagic and apoptotic cell death in cancer cells. The designed compounds were scanned for their affinity for kinases. The results were promising with affinity ranges from 46.7% to 13.3%. Molecular docking studies were performed, and the compounds were then screened for their antiproliferative effects. Interestingly, compounds 8 and 5 resulted in higher cytotoxic effects than the reference standard against MCF-7 and HepG-2. The compounds were evaluated for their induction of apoptosis and/or necrosis on HT-29 and HepG-2. Three compounds induced significant early apoptosis compared to untreated control HT-29 cells, and four derivatives were more significant compared to untreated HepG-2 cells. We further investigated the effect of four compounds on the autophagy process within HT-29, HepG-2, and MCF-7 cells with flow cytometry. Similar to the apoptosis results, compound 5 showed the highest autophagic induction among all compounds. The potential inhibitory activity of the synthesized compounds on kinases was assessed. Screened compounds showed inhibition activity ranging from 41.4% to 83.5%. Compounds recorded significant inhibition were further investigated for their specific FLT3 kinase inhibitory activity. Noticeably, Compound 5 exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against FLT3.

Despite Blocking Doxorubicin-Induced Vascular Damage, Quercetin Ameliorates Its Antibreast Cancer Activity.

Quercetin is a naturally occurring flavonol present in many foods. Doxorubicin is an effective anticancer agent despite its dose-limiting cardiovascular toxicity. Herein, we investigated the potential protective effects of quercetin against doxorubicin-induced vascular toxicity and its effect on the therapeutic cytotoxic profile of doxorubicin in breast cancer cell lines. The incubation of isolated aortic rings with doxorubicin produced concentration-dependent exaggeration of vasoconstriction responses to phenylephrine but impaired vasodilation responses to acetylcholine. Coincubation with quercetin completely blocked the exaggerated vasoconstriction responses and the impaired vasodilation. In addition, doxorubicin incubation increased reactive oxygen species generation from the isolated aorta, while coincubation with quercetin inhibited ROS generation back to normal values. On the other hand, quercetin in combination with doxorubicin, doubled the IC50 of doxorubicin alone in MCF-7 cells from 0.4 ± 0.03 to 0.8 ± 0.06 µM. To a lesser extent, the IC50 of doxorubicin did not change after combination with quercetin in MDA-MB-231 cells. These findings indicate a significant antagonistic interaction between quercetin and doxorubicin in the aforementioned cell lines. Only in T47D cells, quercetin combination with doxorubicin was an additive interaction (CI - value = 1.17). Yet, quercetin significantly impaired the immediate phase of intracellular ROS generation by doxorubicin within breast cancer cells from 125.2 ± 3.6% to 102.5 ± 3.9% of control cells. Using annexin-V/FITC staining technique, the quercetin/doxorubicin combination showed a significantly lower percent of apoptotic cells compared to doxorubicin alone treated cells. Cell cycle distribution in breast cancer cells was performed using DNA content flowcytometry after propidium iodide staining. Quercetin induced significant accumulation of cells in the S phase as well as in the G2/M phase within both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines and interfered with doxorubicin-induced cell cycle effects. Interestingly, quercetin was found to inhibit the P-glycoprotein ATPase subunit with a consequent enhanced intracellular concentration of doxorubicin in MDA-MB-231 and T47D cells. In conclusion, quercetin, despite its potent vascular protective activity against doxorubicin, was found to influence doxorubicin-induced antibreast cancer effects via pharmacodynamic as well as cellular pharmacokinetic aspects.

Design and synthesis of novel phenylaminopyrimidines with antiproliferative activity against colorectal cancer.

New phenylaminopyrimidine (PAP) derivatives have been designed and synthesised as potential tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of cancer. The synthesized compounds share a general structure and vary in the substitution pattern at position-2 of the pyridine ring. Several derivatives have demonstrated potent anticancer activities against HCT-116, HT-29 and LS-174T colorectal cancer cells. Furthermore, a number of hits showed good selectivity to Src-kinase. The cytotoxic mechanisms of these compounds were also investigated by studying their effects on cell-cycle distribution. Among all the compounds examined, compound 8b (with a terminal pyridin-3-yl moiety at the pyridine ring) showed the highest inhibitory selectivity towards src-kinase, which was coupled with cell cycle arrest, and apoptotic and autophagic interference, in colorectal cancer cells. This report introduces a novel category of PAP derivatives with promising kinase inhibitory and anticancer effects against colon cancer.