ABSTRACT
Mitochondrial pH (pHmito) is intimately related to mitochondrial function, and aberrant values for pHmito are linked to several disease states. We report the design, synthesis, and application of mitokyne 1-the first small molecule pHmito sensor for stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy. This ratiometric probe can determine subtle changes in pHmito in response to external stimuli and the inhibition of both the electron transport chain and ATP synthase with small molecule inhibitors. In addition, 1 was also used to monitor mitochondrial dynamics in a time-resolved manner with subcellular spatial resolution during mitophagy providing a powerful tool for dissecting the molecular and cell biology of this critical organelle.
Subject(s)
Mitochondria , Mitophagy , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Microscopy , Spectrum Analysis, RamanABSTRACT
Intracellular pH (pHi) homeostasis is intertwined with a myriad of normal cellular behaviors as well as pathological processes. As such, small molecule probes for the measurement of pHi are invaluable tools for chemical biology, facilitating the study of the role of pH in cellular function and disease. The field of small molecule pHi sensors has traditionally been dominated with probes based on fluorescent scaffolds. In this study, a series of low molecular weight (<260) oligoyne compounds have been developed which exhibit pH sensitive alkyne stretching frequencies (νalkyne) in Raman spectroscopy. The modular design of the compounds enabled tuneability of their pKa(H) through simple structural modification, such that continuous pH sensitivity is achieved over the range 2-10. Alkyne stretching bands reside in the 'cell-silent' region of the Raman spectrum (1800-2600 cm-1) and are readily detectable in a cellular environment with subcellular spatial resolution. This enabled the application of a pH sensitive oligoyne compound to the ratiometric sensing of pHi in prostate cancer (PC3) cells in response to drug treatment. We propose that probes based on Alkyne Tag Raman Imaging offer an entirely new platform for the sensing of pHi, complementary to fluorescence microscopy.
Subject(s)
Alkynes , Spectrum Analysis, Raman , Fluorescent Dyes , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Intracellular Space , Microscopy, FluorescenceABSTRACT
Optimization of a lead series of PI3Kδ inhibitors based on a dihydroisobenzofuran core led to the identification of potent, orally bioavailable compound 19. Selectivity profiling of compound 19 showed similar potency for class III PI3K, Vps34, and PI3Kδ, and compound 19 was not well-tolerated in a 7-day rat toxicity study. Structure-based design led to an improvement in selectivity for PI3Kδ over Vps34 and, a focus on oral phramacokinetics properties resulted in the discovery of compound 41, which showed improved toxicological outcomes at similar exposure levels to compound 19.
Subject(s)
Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Class III Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Animals , Binding, Competitive , Biological Availability , Cell Membrane Permeability , Crystallography, X-Ray , Drug Discovery , Humans , Isoenzymes , Models, Molecular , Molecular Docking Simulation , Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors/toxicity , Rats , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Phosphoinositide-3-kinase δ (PI3Kδ) is a critical regulator of cell growth and transformation and has been explored as a therapeutic target for a range of diseases. Through the exploration of the thienopyrimidine scaffold, we have identified a ligand-efficient methylation that leads to remarkable selectivity for PI3Kδ over the closely related isoforms. Interrogation through the Free-Wilson analysis highlights the innate selectivity the thienopyrimidine scaffold has for PI3Kδ and provides a predictive model for the activity against the PI3K isoforms.
Subject(s)
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism , Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Structure-Activity Relationship , Amines/chemistry , Humans , Isoenzymes/chemistry , Isoenzymes/metabolism , Methylation , Nitrogen/chemistry , Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/chemistry , Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Pyrimidines/chemistry , Serum Albumin, Human/metabolismABSTRACT
Selective inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta are of interest for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Initial optimization of a 3-substituted indazole hit compound targeting the kinase PIM1 focused on improving selectivity over GSK3ß through consideration of differences in the ATP binding pockets. Continued kinase cross-screening showed PI3Kδ activity in a series of 4,6-disubstituted indazole compounds, and subsequent structure-activity relationship exploration led to the discovery of an indole-containing lead compound as a potent PI3Kδ inhibitor with selectivity over the other PI3K isoforms.
