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1.
Animals (Basel) ; 14(14)2024 Jul 16.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39061537

ABSTRACT

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of soybean oil inclusion in diets on feeding behaviour, digestibility, performance, and blood metabolites of feedlot lambs. Forty non-castrated Santa Inês lambs with a mean age of 5 months and initial body weight of 34.88 ± 3.19 kg were used in a 40-day feeding trial. The lambs were distributed in five experimental diets with the inclusion of increasing soybean oil (SO) levels: 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 g/kg DM. The SO inclusion promoted a linear reduction in DM intake (p < 0.001), crude protein (CP, p < 0.001), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC, p < 0.001), and total digestible nutrients (TDN, p = 0.004). There was an increasing quadratic effect on the intake of ether extract (EE; p = 0.002) and decreasing for neutral detergent fiber (p = 0.005). The soybean oil inclusion promoted the greater apparent digestibility of CP (p = 0.016), EE (p = 0.005), NDFom (p < 0.001), and TDN (p < 0.001); on the other hand, the apparent digestibility of NFC (p = 0.005) was decreased. The average daily gain decreased (p < 0.001) with SO inclusion. The SO inclusion increased feeding time (p = 0.004), reduced the efficiency of DM rumination (p = 0.001), and reduced the concentration of blood N-ureic (p < 0.001). Considering the productive parameters, SO can be included in diets and it is recommended that we include SO of up to 41 g/kg DM in diets for fattening lambs as the ideal maximum level. The strategy implemented to adapt lambs to increasing levels of high-fat diet mitigated the detrimental effects of lipids on the rumen, with high-density energy intake being the constraining factor on performance.

2.
Animals (Basel) ; 13(15)2023 Aug 06.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37570343

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of licury cake (LC) inclusion in the diets of lactating goats on productive and metabolic performance. Twelve lactating goats, eight Saanen and four Anglo-Nubian, were distributed in a triplicate 4 × 4 Latin square design, with four treatments (0, 66.7, 133.3, and 200 g kg-1 of dry matter-DM). On the one hand, the LC inclusion increased neutral detergent fiber, indigestible neutral detergent fiber, and potentially digestible neutral detergent fiber (p < 0.001) intake. On the other hand, LC inclusion reduced ether extract and non-fibrous carbohydrate (p < 0.001) intake. There was a reduction in dry matter digestibility (p = 0.018) and an increase in neutral detergent fiber digestibility (p = 0.036). Feeding (p = 0.005) and rumination (p < 0.001) efficiencies increased with LC inclusion. The nitrogen balance was similar for all tested diets; however, we observed recycling metabolism. Based on the studied parameters, mainly milk production and composition, we recommend the LC inclusion of up to 200 g kg-1 DM in diets for lactating goats.

3.
Animals (Basel) ; 12(18)2022 Sep 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36139182

ABSTRACT

This study was carried out to determine the optimal inclusion rate of palm kernel cake (PKC) in diets for lactating goats based on intake, digestibility, feeding behavior, milk production and nitrogen metabolism. Twelve goats were used, eight Saanen and four Anglo Nubian, with a body weight of 46.0 ± 9.4 kg and 105 ± 5 days of lactation, distributed in a 4 × 4 Latin square design in triplicate. The diets were composed of increasing levels of PKC; 0, 80, 160 and 240 g kg−1 of dry matter (DM). The DM, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and non-fibrous carbohydrates intakes decreased (p < 0.01) with the PKC inclusion. Milk production and milk protein decreased (p = 0.001), and milk production efficiency was not affected (p > 0.05) by the PKC inclusion. The ether extract intake varied quadratically (p < 0.01). Feeding and rumination efficiencies of dry matter and NDF were reduced (p < 0.001). The fat and total solids contents of the milk were influenced quadratically (p < 0.05). Nitrogen excretion (feces and milk), and retained nitrogen decreased (p < 0.001). Moderate use of up to 80 g kg−1 DM of PKC in the diet of lactating goats is recommended since at these levels milk production or body weight are significantly affected.

4.
Animals (Basel) ; 12(10)2022 May 14.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35625107

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to evaluate the dietary inclusion (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 g/kg DM) of whole corn germ (WCG), an energy source, on the metabolic and productive performance of feedlot lambs. To this end, two complementary experiments were carried out. In Experiment I, we tested the effects of WCG inclusion levels on the metabolism of 10 uncastrated Santa Inês male lambs, which were distributed into two 5 × 5 Latin squares design. Non-fibrous carbohydrates digestibility decreased (p = 0.01), whereas ether extract digestibility increased (p < 0.01) with the inclusion of WCG. Retained nitrogen did not change (p = 0.99) with the WCG inclusion. In Experiment II, we tested the effect of WCG inclusion levels on the production performance of 40 uncastrated Santa Inês male lambs, in a completely randomized design. There was a reduction in the intake of nutritional components (p < 0.05), except EE (p < 0.01), which increased with the increasing WCG levels. Production performance and blood parameters did not change. Based on the observed metabolism, performance, and feed efficiency, the use of WCG at up to 120 g/kg DM, in the total diet, is recommended as an alternative energy source for feedlot lambs.

5.
Animals (Basel) ; 13(1)2022 Dec 22.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36611645

ABSTRACT

The study was carried out to evaluate the effects of licury cake (LC) inclusion in diets for lactating goats on milk chemical composition and fatty acid profile, and physicochemical composition and sensory attributes of Minas Frescal cheese. Twelve lactating goats were used (eight Saanen and four Anglo Nubian goats, with 35 ± 5 days in lactation and average body weight of 37.93 ± 9.22 kg), distributed in a triplicate 4 × 4 Latin Square design. The increasing levels of LC studied were: 0, 67, 133 and 200 g/kg of dry matter (DM). The analyses were adjusted using orthogonal polynomial contrasts, in which the probability level of 5% was considered. For sensory attributes, principal component analysis was performed. The LC inclusion promoted the reduction in moisture (p = 0.013) and mineral matter (p < 0.001) content in cheese. The ether extract content in cheese showed a quadratic effect (p = 0.021). Lauric acid showed a linear (p = 0.002) increasing effect, and myristic (p < 0.001) and rumenic (p = 0.018) acids showed quadratic effects. The sensory attributes analysis in cheese indicated that the inclusion of 133 and 200 g/kg of LC improve its texture. Flavor was improved with the inclusion of 67 and 133 g/kg. The inclusion of up to 133 g/kg of LC in the diet of lactating goats is recommended because it promotes improvements in flavor and texture of Minas Frescal cheese.

6.
Animals (Basel) ; 11(12)2021 Dec 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34944277

ABSTRACT

We investigated the effect of including palm kernel cake (PKC) at the levels of 0, 80, 160 and 240 g kg-1 in the diet of lactating goats on the quality and sensory parameters of Minas Frescal cheese. Twelve goats were used in a triple 4 × 4 Latin square design. The dietary addition of PKC was associated with a reduction in moisture (p = 0.004), which compromised the cheese yield (p = 0.030). The ether extract content showed a quadratic response. There was a decrease in caproic (p = 0.014), caprylic (p = 0.011), capric (p = 0.003) and palmitic (p = 0.049) acids and an increase in lauric (p = 0.012) and myristic (p = 0.02) acids. Monounsaturated fatty acids increased (p = 0.008), whereas the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids (p = 0.022) and thrombogenicity index (p = 0.023) decreased. Principal component analysis indicated that control treatment and the treatment with 80 g kg-1 PKC were the most acceptable to the cheese tasters. The use of palm kernel cake is a good alternative for lactating goats when added to the diet at levels up to 80 g kg-1.

7.
Trop Anim Health Prod ; 53(1): 186, 2021 Mar 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33649872

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of palm kernel cake (PKC) on the feeding behavior of feedlot-finished cattle. Forty uncastrated crossbred bulls with an average age of 24.2 ± 2 months and an average weight of 331.1 ± 36.2 kg were distributed into four treatment groups in a completely randomized design with ten replicates. The treatments consisted of 0, 8, 16, or 24% PKC inclusion in the diet (dry matter basis). Palm kernel cake inclusion influenced feeding time (P < 0.05), which increased linearly. The inclusion of the ingredient also affected (P < 0.05) rumination time (min/day), total chewing time, and the time spent on other activities. The number of cuds ruminated per day showed a linear response to the PKC inclusion levels (P < 0.05). The number of feeding bouts increased linearly (P < 0.05). Dry matter (DM) intake and DM feeding efficiency decreased linearly (P < 0.05). There were no effects of PKC inclusion (P > 0.05) on neutral detergent fiber feeding (NDF) efficiency or DM rumination efficiency. NDF rumination efficiency increased linearly (P < 0.05). Palm kernel cake can be included at levels up to 24% in the total diet of feedlot-finished crossbred bulls, as it does not affect their dry matter intake or feeding behavior.


Subject(s)
Animal Feed , Feeding Behavior , Animal Feed/analysis , Animals , Body Weight , Cattle , Diet/veterinary , Dietary Fiber , Digestion , Male
8.
Animals (Basel) ; 11(2)2021 Jan 28.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33525550

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of protected or unprotected fats in the diet of feedlot lambs on feeding behavior, productive characteristics, carcass traits, and meat quality. Forty male Dorper × Santa Inês lambs (22.27 ± 2.79 kg) were randomly assigned to treatments in a completely randomized design. The experimental treatments consisted of five diets: no added fat (NAF), whole soybeans (WSB), calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA), soybean oil (SO), and corn germ (CG). The total intake of dry matter (DMI) (p < 0.001) and neutral detergent fiber (NDFI) (p = 0.010) were higher in the CSFA and NAF diets. Feeding behavior, morphometric measurements, physicochemical characteristics, and centesimal composition of the Longissimus lumborum muscle were similar between treatments (p > 0.05). The CSFA diet provided higher production (p < 0.05) and better-quality carcasses. The inclusion of fat sources increased the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (p < 0.05). The use of calcium salts of fatty acids in feedlot lambs' diets provides better quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the meat and carcass.

9.
Animals (Basel) ; 11(2)2021 Jan 21.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33494489

ABSTRACT

The whole corn germ (WCG), due to its desirable nutritional characteristics, has been studied as feed for ruminants. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of WCG inclusion as a linoleic acid source in diets for feedlot lambs on carcass characteristics, physicochemical composition, sensory attributes, and fatty acid profile of the meat. Forty non-castrated, crossbreed Dorper x Santa Inês lambs were distributed in a completely randomized design to evaluate the inclusion levels (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 g/kg dry matter (DM)) of whole corn germ (WCG) in the diet. The dietary inclusion of WCG did not influence (p > 0.05) the weight gain and carcass characteristics, with the exception of the subcutaneous fat thickness (p < 0.01), which was higher in animals fed diets with higher levels of WCG. Lightness (L *; p = 0.04), yellowness (b *; p < 0.01), shear force (p = 0.04), linoleic fatty acid concentrations (p = 0.03), and total polyunsaturated fatty acids (p = 0.04) had a quadratic increase due to WCG inclusion in the diets. The use of up to 120 g/kg DM of WCG in lamb diets does not affect the carcass characteristics, physicochemical composition, and sensory attributes of the meat. Despite this, the best polyunsaturated fatty acid profile in lambs' meat is obtained using 76.7 g/kg DM of WCG.

10.
Animals (Basel) ; 10(8)2020 Jul 23.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32717900

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to evaluate the replacement of soybean meal by detoxified castor bean meal on the intake and digestibility of nutrients, body weight gain, carcass yield, physiological and urinary parameters, and creep-feeding method effectiveness. For this trial, 43 male lambs were used, Dorper × Santa Inês, with an average initial body weight of 7.95 kg, 15 days old. Lambs were distributed in a randomized block design. Five experimental diets were provided: Without supplementation, with supplementation but without the use of castor bean meal, and with gradual levels of replacement of soybean meal by detoxified castor bean meal (33%, 67%, and 100%). Higher values of DMI and nutrient digestibility (p < 0.05) were observed for animals that received supplements. The milk intake did not differ among the diets. The DMD showed a linear effect, while NDFD had a quadratic effect, depending on castor bean meal inclusion. The carcass yield did not differ between experimental diets. There was no significant effect on the urinary volume and metabolites investigated. In conclusion, the replacement of soybean meal by detoxified castor bean meal does not compromise animals' development. Besides, the creep-feeding method positively affects lamb development, with higher body weight gain for supplemented animals.

11.
Am J Gastroenterol ; 96(1): 196-203, 2001 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11197252

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The factors that influence the decision to do an adequate evaluation for a positive test for fecal occult blood in a middle-aged or elderly patient are largely unknown. Our study was undertaken to determine whether factors such as the number of positive Hemoccult II card windows, age, gender, family history of colon cancer, the patient's concern that he or she might have colon cancer, or history of rectal bleeding influence the evaluation performed. METHOD: A mass screening program for colon cancer was performed using unrehydrated Hemoccult II cards in the Boston area. RESULTS: Among the 23,593 Hemoccult II cards returned to Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, cards from 1,112 patients (4.7%) were found to be positive for one or more of the six possible card windows. Ninety percent, or 940 patients, over 40 yr of age had follow-up information available. As the number of positive windows increased from one to four, there was a significant trend (p < 0.001) for the adequacy of the evaluation to increase. Family history (p = 0.044) and a patient's worry that he or she might have colon cancer (p = 0.003) significantly improved a patient's chance for an adequate evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: Hemoccult testing is not followed by an adequate evaluation in a significant proportion of patients. Our study points out for the first time that the number of positive Hemoccult windows significantly influences the decision-making.


Subject(s)
Adenocarcinoma/diagnosis , Colonic Neoplasms/diagnosis , Mass Screening/methods , Occult Blood , Adenocarcinoma/epidemiology , Adult , Age Distribution , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Colonic Neoplasms/epidemiology , Feces/chemistry , Female , Humans , Male , Massachusetts/epidemiology , Middle Aged , Risk Factors , Sensitivity and Specificity , Sex Distribution
12.
Mutat Res ; 179(2): 115-21, 1987 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3302688

ABSTRACT

Using the ADAPT and CHEMLAB-II systems for structure-activity analysis, computer-calculated electronic properties of molecules were used to derive structure-activity relationships for predicting the mutagenicity of a set of substituted acridines in strain TA1537 of the Ames Salmonella assay. A collection of 40 acridines, with a variety of substituents, was examined. A set of 4 electronic descriptors was found which could be used to correctly classify all but two of the compounds as mutagenic or nonmutagenic. A negative correlation was found between the sum of the Hammett aromatic substituent parameters and the level of mutagenicity of the structures, expressed as log(number of revertants/plate + 1) at a 20-micrograms dose. This correlation, however, was not high enough to allow precise estimation of the mutagenicity values.


Subject(s)
Acridines/pharmacology , Mutagens , Mutation , Mutagenicity Tests , Salmonella typhimurium/drug effects , Structure-Activity Relationship
13.
Fundam Appl Toxicol ; 3(5): 343-9, 1983.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6642098

ABSTRACT

Both quantitative and qualitative studies of the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of carcinogenic compounds are discussed. Using the ADAPT software system, examples are given of (1) predicting the gas and liquid chromatographic retention behavior of polycyclic aromatic compounds, (2) predicting the carcinogenicity of N-nitrosamines, and (3) predicting the mutagenic behavior of pesticides and other compounds in short-term test systems. It is concluded that the complexity and lack of understanding of the carcinogenic response should not prevent scientists from searching for useful empirical relationships between molecular structure and carcinogenicity. Computer generated molecular descriptors and statistical and pattern recognition techniques can be useful tools in this research.


Subject(s)
Carcinogens , Computers , Animals , Chromatography, Gas , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Humans , Mutagenicity Tests , Nitrosamines/toxicity , Pesticides/toxicity , Polycyclic Compounds/toxicity , Structure-Activity Relationship
14.
J Med Chem ; 25(8): 899-908, 1982 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7120279

ABSTRACT

A pattern-recognition analysis using the ADAPT system was performed on a set of 9-anilinoacridine antitumor agents, to determine whether computer-generated descriptors could be used to separate active from inactive compounds. A training set of 213 compounds was chosen by random computer selection from a list of 776 structures. Maximal increase in life span at the LD10 dosage, a response which is difficult to model using traditional Hansch analysis, was used as the measure of biological activity. A set of 18 molecular descriptors, including fragment, substructure environment, and physicochemical property descriptors (molar refraction, partial electronic charge) was identified which could correctly classify 94% of the compounds in the training set (97% of active and 85% of inactive compounds). Eight of the inactive compounds that were misclassified contained amino substituents, suggesting a role for ionization. The weight vector that was obtained from the training set was applied to a prediction set of 50 compounds that were not included in the original analysis and to a set of 69 structures drawn from the recent literature. The prediction set results, ranging from 73 to 86% correct, were lower than those of the training set, but they clearly indicate that pattern-recognition techniques can be useful in the screening of proposed or already existing agents and especially useful for the identification of active compounds.


Subject(s)
Aminoacridines/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents/classification , Chemical Phenomena , Chemistry, Physical , Models, Molecular , Molecular Conformation , Pattern Recognition, Automated , Structure-Activity Relationship
15.
J Pharm Sci ; 69(9): 1030-4, 1980 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7411403

ABSTRACT

The use of pattern recognition methods to classify a set of steroids into five therapeutic categories was investigated. First-order fragment molecular connectivity values were determined for 10 positions on each molecule using a template-based method of position assignment. Learning set and test set classifications were performed. Although the numbers of compounds misclassified were comparable for all of the methods, the identities of the misclassified compounds varied depending on whether the classification method assumed a local or a global view of the data. The best classification results were comparable to those obtained by linear and quadratic discriminant analyses. For this set of compounds, it was concluded that pattern recognition methods offer no advantages over traditional discriminant analysis methods if classification alone is considered, especially since most discriminant analysis procedures utilize stepwise variable selection, which is not as common in pattern recognition analyses.


Subject(s)
Chemistry , Pattern Recognition, Automated , Steroids , Chemical Phenomena
16.
J Med Chem ; 22(5): 465-72, 1979 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-458797

ABSTRACT

An investigation was made into the use of linear and quadratic discriminant analysis, along with K nearest-neighbor analysis, in the classification of a set of 51 compounds which were divided into five therapeutic categories. By superimposing each compound on a pattern structure, as first proposed by Cammarata, eight positions were assigned on the molecule. Each position was coded with the numerical value of a descriptor index. Relative molar refraction, which was the index used by Cammarata, was compared with a number of molecular connective indices. For each of the indices studied, it was found that only four of the eight positions contributed significantly to between-class differences. It was also found that first-order molecular connectivity, calculated as the sum of the contributions of each of the bonds joining a given position, resulted in consistently fewer misclassifications as compared with the other indices. Using first-order molecular connectivity, validation procedures were performed on the original set of compounds, on random samples drawn from this set, and on a set of ten compounds not included in the analysis. The results obtained were highly data dependent, but they, nevertheless, suggest that molecular connectivity indices should prove useful in structural classification procedures.


Subject(s)
Pharmaceutical Preparations/classification , Structure-Activity Relationship , Analysis of Variance , Computers , Models, Biological , Molecular Conformation , Pharmacology , Quantum Theory
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