ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Prospective motion correction is arguably the "silver bullet" solution for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies impacted by motion, applicable to almost any pulse sequence and immune from the spin history artifacts introduced by a moving object. In prospective motion correction, the magnetic field gradients and radio frequency waveforms are adjusted in real time in response to measured head motion so as to maintain the head in a stationary reference frame relative to the scanner. Vital for this approach are accurate and rapidly sampled head pose measurements, which may be obtained optically using cameras. However, most optical methods are limited by the need to attach physical markers to the skin, which leads to decoupling of head and marker motion and reduces the effectiveness of correction. In this work we investigate the feasibility and initial performance of a stereo-optical motion tracking method which does not require any attached markers. METHODS: The method relies on detecting distinctive natural features or amplified features (using skin stamps) directly on the forehead in multiple camera views, and then deriving pose estimates via a 3D-2D registration between the skin features and a database of forehead landmarks. To demonstrate the feasibility and potential accuracy of the marker-free method for discrete (step-wise) head motion, we performed out-of-bore and in-bore experiments using robotically and manually controlled phantoms in addition to in-bore testing on human volunteers. We also developed a convenient out-of-bore test bed to benchmark and optimize the motion tracking performance. RESULTS: For out-of-bore phantom tests, the pose estimation accuracy (compared to robotic ground truth) was 0.14 mm and 0.23 degrees for incremental translation and rotation, respectively. For arbitrary motion, the pose accuracy obtained using the smallest forehead feature patch was equivalent to 0.21 ± 0.11 mm positional accuracy in the striatum. For in-bore phantom experiments, the accuracy of rigid-body motion parameters (compared to wireless MR-sensitive markers) was 0.08-0.41 ± 0.18 mm/0.05-0.3 ± 0.12 deg and 0.14-0.16 ± 0.12 mm/0.08-0.17 ± 0.08 deg for the small and large feature patches, respectively. In vivo results in human volunteers indicated sub-millimeter and sub-degree pose accuracy for all rotations and translations except the depth direction (max error 1.8 mm) when compared to a registration-based approach. CONCLUSIONS: In both bench-top and in vivo experiments we demonstrate the feasibility of using very small feature patches directly on the skin to obtain high accuracy head pose measurements needed for motion-correction in MRI brain studies. The optical technique uses in-bore cameras and is consistent with the limited visibility of the forehead afforded by head coils used in brain imaging. Future work will focus on optimization of the technique and demonstration in prospective motion correction.
