ABSTRACT
This study estimated the health burden and costs associated with gastroenteritis in the City of Hamilton (Ontario, Canada). The number of cases, number of different resource units used, and cost per resource unit were represented by probability distributions and point estimates. These were subsequently integrated in a stochastic model to estimate the overall burden and cost in the population and to depict the uncertainty of the estimates. The estimated mean annual cost per capita was Can dollar 115. The estimated mean annual cost per case was Can dollar 1,089 and was similar to other published figures. Gastroenteritis represented a significant burden in the study population, with costs high enough to justify prevention efforts. These results, currently the most accurate available estimates for a Canadian population, can inform future economic evaluations to determine the most cost effective measures for reducing the burden and cost of gastroenteritis in the community.
Subject(s)
Cost of Illness , Gastroenteritis/economics , Gastroenteritis/mortality , Health Care Costs , Canada/epidemiology , Costs and Cost Analysis , Employment/economics , Female , Gastroenteritis/epidemiology , Humans , Male , Stochastic ProcessesSubject(s)
Abnormalities, Multiple/diagnosis , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14 , Hyperpigmentation/diagnosis , Hyperpigmentation/genetics , Mosaicism/diagnosis , Agenesis of Corpus Callosum , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Infant , Optic Nerve/abnormalities , Tetralogy of Fallot/diagnosis , Tetralogy of Fallot/surgeryABSTRACT
The technique of distraction has revolutionized the treatment of mandibular hypoplasia; however, presently large mandibular defects still require bone grafts. Microvascular grafting is commonly used in adults. Conversely, in pediatric reconstruction, nonvascularized rib grafts remain standard. Unfortunately, resorption of nonvascularized bone remains a major issue, particularly when soft tissue is hypoplastic. This case study represents a combination of techniques in the treatment of severe mandibular deficiency, and introduces the concept of distraction mesenchymogenesis. The patient was a 2 1/2-year-old boy with severe bilateral Pruzansky class III mandibular hypoplasia. He had a permanent open mouth posture, an overjet of 23 mm, and was unable to move the lower mandibular segment. His oropharyngeal airway diameter was 2.2 mm and he was tracheostomy dependent. The patient was treated with distraction of the lower jaw mesenchyme followed by bilateral functional free fibular microvascular flaps containing reinnervated muscle. This created a well-vascularized body, ramus, and condyle bilaterally within an adequate soft-tissue envelope. Postoperatively, the overjet was reduced to 5 mm. The patient can now actively move his mandible. Airway diameter increased to 10 mm, and the patient is able to tolerate intermittent tracheostomy plugging. This innovative combination of techniques allows early intervention, limits graft resorption, and improves airway control.
Subject(s)
Mandible/abnormalities , Mandible/surgery , Mesoderm/physiology , Micrognathism/surgery , Oral Surgical Procedures/methods , Osteogenesis, Distraction/methods , Airway Obstruction/etiology , Airway Obstruction/surgery , Bone Transplantation , Child, Preschool , Fibula/transplantation , Goldenhar Syndrome/complications , Goldenhar Syndrome/surgery , Humans , Male , Micrognathism/etiology , Surgical Flaps/blood supplySubject(s)
Dermatitis Herpetiformis/diagnosis , Pregnancy Complications/diagnosis , Psoriasis/diagnosis , Adult , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use , Back , Dermatitis Herpetiformis/drug therapy , Dermatitis Herpetiformis/pathology , Diagnosis, Differential , Female , Humans , Methylprednisolone/therapeutic use , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications/drug therapy , Pregnancy Complications/pathology , Psoriasis/drug therapy , Psoriasis/pathology , Recurrence , ThoraxSubject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Psoriasis/drug therapy , Psoriasis/microbiology , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/complications , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/drug therapy , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/microbiology , Adult , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/complications , Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris/complications , Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris/drug therapy , Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris/microbiology , Psoriasis/complications , Streptococcal Infections/complications , Streptococcal Infections/drug therapy , Streptococcus/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
AIM: To detect the prevalence of herpes virus-like DNA sequences in AIDS associated Kaposi sarcoma (KSHV) lesions and normal tissue. METHODS: KSHV detection was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using four different sets of primers. PCR products were cloned, sequenced, and analysed. RESULTS: All of four biopsies of Kaposi sarcoma lesions and all of three paraffin embedded Kaposi sarcoma tissues were positive for KSHV, while normal tissue from the same patients was negative. Sequence analysis of amplification products revealed polymorphisms that result in amino acid changes of the predicted sequence. CONCLUSIONS: KSHV is prevalent in tissues from Kaposi sarcoma, suggesting a role in the development of the tumour. On this basis, anti-herpes virus agents should be considered to control Kaposi sarcoma.
Subject(s)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/virology , Herpesviridae/isolation & purification , Sarcoma, Kaposi/virology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Amino Acids/analysis , Base Sequence , DNA, Viral/analysis , Humans , Molecular Sequence Data , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Sarcoma, Kaposi/etiologySubject(s)
Coroners and Medical Examiners , Crime , Homicide , Strychnine/poisoning , Adult , Humans , Male , Patient Advocacy/legislation & jurisprudence , South Carolina , United StatesSubject(s)
Amitriptyline/pharmacology , Antidepressive Agents/pharmacology , Dextroamphetamine/pharmacology , Propiophenones/pharmacology , Acoustic Stimulation , Adult , Attention/drug effects , Blood Pressure/drug effects , Electroencephalography , Female , Heart Rate/drug effects , Humans , Hypnotics and Sedatives , Male , Memory, Short-Term/drug effects , Motor Skills/drug effects , Pupil/drug effects , Reaction Time/drug effects , Salivation/drug effectsSubject(s)
Caffeine/pharmacology , Cyclizine/pharmacology , Mental Processes/drug effects , Adult , Brain/drug effects , Clinical Trials as Topic , Double-Blind Method , Drug Therapy, Combination , Electroencephalography , Female , Heart Rate/drug effects , Humans , Male , Reaction Time/drug effectsABSTRACT
Single oral doses of atropine, nortriptyline, procyclidine and lactose dummy were administered double-blind to eight healthy young subjects in a balanced, crossover study. Television pupillometry was used to measure the anticholinergic effects of these drugs on the pupil diameter in darkness and the reflex response to light flashes. The sensitivity of this method was compared with conventional autonomic function tests, viz. salivary secretion, radial pulse, forearm sweat gland activity and distance to visual near point. Visual analogue scales were used to obtain subjective measures of sedative drug effects. The expected inhibition of parasympathetic activity was found in most instances with two exceptions: firstly, that nortriptyline failed to affect the pupil despite causing a tachycardia and secondly, that procyclidine gave a bradycardia. The results are discussed with reference to the possible advantages of television pupillometry over conventional pupil measurement in the detection of anticholinergic drug effects.