ABSTRACT
A patient with cervical metastases leading to the diagnosis of a primary breast cancer is presented. To better define the frequency, symptoms, and characteristics of breast cancer metastasizing to the uterine cervix, all cases reported in the literature since 1950 are reviewed. This analysis reveals that in 21% of these cases, metastases were found before or at the same time as the primary tumor. The most common presenting symptom was abnormal vaginal bleeding (57%), but in 32% of the patients, no clinical sign was present. Because 41% of the reported cases were found only at autopsy, the characteristics of this kind of metastatic breast cancer, effectiveness of diagnostic procedures, and treatment options are critically discussed.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/secondary , Female , Humans , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Telomerase appears to be an important factor for the control of cellular proliferation capacity and for tumorigenesis. Enzyme activity is highly increased in almost all human tumors and distinguishes them from benign lesions. Besides its diagnostic value, telomerase activity appears to be associated with tumor progression. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the significance of telomerase activity as a clinical marker in breast cancer. Twenty-five tumor samples from breast cancer patients were analyzed retrospectively for telomerase activity in chemotherapy-treated and untreated tumors. For each patient an identical number of cells was measured quantitatively for telomerase activity using the Telomerase-PCR-ELISA based on the TRAP (telomerase repeat amplification protocol) method. The findings were compared to clinical course, therapy and staging parameters. Telomerase activity was detected in all breast cancers. A significant correlation was found between enzyme activity and tumor size, lymph node status and stage: with ongoing tumor progression, telomerase activity appeared to increase in primary carcinomas. No correlation was seen between enzyme activity and the clinical course of patients. Without exception, telomerase activity was strongly decreased in all chemotherapy-treated tumors compared to untreated tumors. Our preliminary data indicate that telomerase activity is associated with aggressiveness of breast tumors and appears to mirror the anti-proliferative effects of chemotherapy.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms/enzymology , Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/enzymology , Carcinoma, Lobular/enzymology , Telomerase/metabolism , Adult , Aged , Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/drug therapy , Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology , Carcinoma, Lobular/drug therapy , Carcinoma, Lobular/pathology , Humans , Middle Aged , Neoplasm Metastasis , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local , PrognosisABSTRACT
Schizophrenic patients (n = 44) and normal controls (n = 50) performed a computerized version of the Stroop color-word interference task. Schizophrenic patients generally showed more Stroop interference than normal subjects. The effect was neither related to demographic variables, nor to actual psychopathology. However, the course of the disorder was related to the Stroop effect, in that acute, chronic, and schizoaffective patients displayed a larger interference effect than patients with a recurrent episode. From a methodological perspective, the computerized version of the Stroop task proved to be more sensitive to interference effects in the patient group. The finding of enhanced reverse Stroop interference in patients strongly preoccupied with colors is discussed within the framework of MacLeod and Dunbar's (MacLeod and Dunbar, 1988) theory of Stroop interference involving differential practice effects.
