MAGNETIC SPHINCTER AUGMENTATION DEVICE FOR GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE: EFFECTIVE, BUT POSTOPERATIVE DYSPHAGIA AND RISK OF EROSION SHOULD NOT BE UNDERESTIMATED. A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS.

BACKGROUND: Magnetic ring (MSA) implantation in the esophagus is an alternative surgical procedure to fundoplication for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. AIMS: The aim of this study was to analyse the effectiveness and safety of magnetic sphincter augmentation (MSA) in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). METHODS: A systematic literature review of articles on MSA was performed using the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline) database between 2008 and 2021, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A random-effect model was used to generate a pooled proportion with 95% confidence interval (CI) across all studies. RESULTS: A total of 22 studies comprising 4,663 patients with MSA were analysed. Mean follow-up was 27.3 (7-108) months. The weighted pooled proportion of symptom improvement and patient satisfaction were 93% (95%CI 83-98%) and 85% (95%CI 78-90%), respectively. The mean DeMeester score (pre-MSA: 34.6 vs. post-MSA: 8.9, p=0.03) and GERD-HRQL score (pre-MSA: 25.8 vs. post-MSA: 4.4, p<0.0001) improved significantly after MSA. The proportion of patients taking proton pump inhibitor (PPIs) decreased from 92.8 to 12.4% (p<0.0001). The weighted pooled proportions of dysphagia, endoscopic dilatation and gas-related symptoms were 18, 13, and 3%, respectively. Esophageal erosion occurred in 1% of patients, but its risk significantly increased for every year of MSA use (odds ratio - OR 1.40, 95%CI 1.11-1.77, p=0.004). Device removal was needed in 4% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Although MSA is a very effective treatment modality for GERD, postoperative dysphagia is common and the risk of esophageal erosion increases over time. Further studies are needed to determine the long-term safety of MSA placement in patients with GERD.

BRAZILIAN HERNIA AND ABDOMINAL WALL SOCIETY STATEMENT ON LARGE HIATAL HERNIAS MANAGEMENT.

Large hiatal hernias, besides being more prevalent in the elderly, have a different clinical presentation: less reflux, more mechanical symptoms, and a greater possibility of acute, life-threatening complications such as gastric volvulus, ischemia, and visceral mediastinal perforation. Thus, surgical indications are distinct from gastroesophageal reflux disease-related sliding hiatal hernias. Heartburn tends to be less intense, while symptoms of chest pain, cough, discomfort, and tiredness are reported more frequently. Complaints of vomiting and dysphagia may suggest the presence of associated gastric volvulus. Signs of iron deficiency and anemia are found. Surgical indication is still controversial and was previously based on high mortality reported in emergency surgeries for gastric volvulus. Postoperative mortality is especially related to three factors: body mass index above 35, age over 70 years, and the presence of comorbidities. Minimally invasive elective surgery should be offered to symptomatic individuals with good or reasonable performance status, regardless of age group. In asymptomatic and oligosymptomatic patients, besides obviously identifying the patient's desire, a case-by-case analysis of surgical risk factors such as age, obesity, and comorbidities should be taken into consideration. Attention should also be paid to situations with greater technical difficulty and risks of acute migration due to increased abdominal pressure (abdominoplasty, manual labor, spastic diseases). Technical alternatives such as partial fundoplication and anterior gastropexy can be considered. We emphasize the importance of performing surgical procedures in cases of large hiatal hernias in high-volume centers, with experienced surgeons.

BRAZILIAN HERNIA AND ABDOMINAL WALL SOCIETY STATEMENT ON LARGE HIATAL HERNIAS MANAGEMENT / Posição da Sociedade Brasileira de Hérnia e Parede Abdominal sobre o tratamento de grandes hérnias de hiato

Large hiatal hernias (LHH) besides being more prevalent in the elderly, have different clinical presentation: fewer reflux, more mechanical symptoms and a greater possibility of acute, life-threatening complications such as gastric volvulus, ischemia and visceral mediastinal perforation. Thus, surgical indications are distinct from gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD-related), sliding hiatal hernias. Heartburn tends to be less intense, while symptoms of chest pain, cough, discomfort, and tiredness are reported more frequently. Complaints of vomiting and dysphagia may suggest the presence of associated gastric volvulus. Signs of iron deficiency and anemia are found. Surgical indication is still controversial and was previously based on high mortality reported in emergency surgeries for gastric volvulus. Postoperative mortality is especially related to three factors: body mass index (BMI above 35), age over 70 years and presence of comorbidity. Minimally invasive elective surgery should be offered to symptomatic individuals with good or reasonable performance status, regardless of age group. In asymptomatic and oligosymptomatic patients, besides obviously identifying the patient's desire, case-by-case analysis of surgical risk factors such as age, obesity and comorbidities, should be taken under consideration. One should also pay attention to situations with greater technical difficulty and risks of acute migration due to increased abdominal pressure (abdominoplasty, manual workers, spastic diseases). Technical alternatives such as partial fundoplication and anterior gastropexy can be considered. We emphasize the importance of performing surgical procedures in cases of LHH in high-volume centers, with experienced surgeons.

As grandes hérnias de hiato (HHG), além de serem mais prevalentes em idosos, têm apresentação clínica diferente: menos refluxo, mais sintomas mecânicos e maior possibilidade de complicações agudas e potencialmente fatais, como vólvulo gástrico, isquemia e perfuração mediastinal visceral. Assim, as indicações cirúrgicas são distintas das hérnias de hiato por deslizamento, relacionadas à doença do refluxo gastroesofágico (DRGE). A azia tende a ser menos intensa, enquanto os sintomas de dor no peito, tosse, desconforto e cansaço são relatados com maior frequência. Queixas de vômitos e disfagia podem sugerir a presença de volvo gástrico associado. São encontrados sinais de deficiência de ferro e anemia. A indicação cirúrgica ainda é controversa e foi anteriormente baseada na alta mortalidade relatada em cirurgias de emergência para volvo gástrico. A mortalidade pós-operatória está especialmente relacionada a três fatores: índice de massa corporal (IMC acima de 35), idade superior a 70 anos e presença de comorbidades. A cirurgia eletiva minimamente invasiva deve ser oferecida a indivíduos sintomáticos, com desempenho bom ou razoável, independentemente da faixa etária. Em pacientes assintomáticos e oligossintomáticos, além de obviamente identificar o desejo do paciente, deve-se levar em consideração a análise caso a caso dos fatores de risco cirúrgico, como idade, obesidade e comorbidades. Deve-se atentar também para situações de maior dificuldade técnica e riscos de migração aguda por aumento da pressão abdominal (abdominoplastia, trabalhos manuais, doenças espásticas). Alternativas técnicas como fundoplicatura parcial e gastropexia anterior podem ser consideradas. Ressaltamos a importância da realização de procedimentos cirúrgicos nos casos de GHH em centros de grande volume, com cirurgiões experientes.

Magnetic sphincter augmentation device for gastroesophageal reflux disease: effective, but postoperative dysphagia and risk of erosion should not be underestimated. a systematic review and meta-analysis / Dispositivo magnético no esfincter para doença do refluxo gastroesofágico: eficaz, mas a disfagia pós-operatória e o risco de erosão não devem ser subestimados. uma revisão sistemática e meta-análise

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Magnetic ring (MSA) implantation in the esophagus is an alternative surgical procedure to fundoplication for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. AIMS: The aim of this study was to analyse the effectiveness and safety of magnetic sphincter augmentation (MSA) in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). METHODS: A systematic literature review of articles on MSA was performed using the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline) database between 2008 and 2021, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A random-effect model was used to generate a pooled proportion with 95% confidence interval (CI) across all studies. RESULTS: A total of 22 studies comprising 4,663 patients with MSA were analysed. Mean follow-up was 27.3 (7-108) months. The weighted pooled proportion of symptom improvement and patient satisfaction were 93% (95%CI 83-98%) and 85% (95%CI 78-90%), respectively. The mean DeMeester score (pre-MSA: 34.6 vs. post-MSA: 8.9, p=0.03) and GERD-HRQL score (pre-MSA: 25.8 vs. post-MSA: 4.4, p<0.0001) improved significantly after MSA. The proportion of patients taking proton pump inhibitor (PPIs) decreased from 92.8 to 12.4% (p<0.0001). The weighted pooled proportions of dysphagia, endoscopic dilatation and gas-related symptoms were 18, 13, and 3%, respectively. Esophageal erosion occurred in 1% of patients, but its risk significantly increased for every year of MSA use (odds ratio — OR 1.40, 95%CI 1.11-1.77, p=0.004). Device removal was needed in 4% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Although MSA is a very effective treatment modality for GERD, postoperative dysphagia is common and the risk of esophageal erosion increases over time. Further studies are needed to determine the long-term safety of MSA placement in patients with GERD.

RESUMO RACIONAL: A implantação de anel magnético (AM) no esôfago é um procedimento cirúrgico alternativo à fundoplicatulra, para o tratamento da doença do refluxo gastroesofágico. OBJETIVOS: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a eficácia e segurança do anel magnético em pacientes com doença do refluxo gastroesofágico (DRGE). MÉTODOS: Uma revisão sistemática da literatura de artigos sobre AM foi realizada usando o banco de dados Medline entre 2008 e 2021, seguindo as diretrizes PRISMA. Um modelo de efeito aleatório foi usado para gerar uma proporção agrupada com intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95% em todos os estudos. RESULTADOS: Um total de 22 estudos compreendendo 4.663 pacientes submetidos à colocação do AM foram analisados. O seguimento médio foi de 27,3 (7-108) meses. A proporção ponderada de melhora dos sintomas e satisfação do paciente foi de 93% (IC95% 83-98%) e 85% (IC95% 78-90%), respectivamente. A pontuação média de DeMeester (pré-AM: 34,6 versus pós-AM: 8,9, p=0,03) e pontuação GERD-HRQL (pré-AM: 25,8 versus pós-AM: 4,4, p<0,0001) melhoraram significativamente após a colocação do anel. A proporção de pacientes em uso de inbidor de bomba de prótons (IBP) diminuiu de 92,8% para 12,4% (p<0,0001). A erosão esofágica ocorreu em 1% dos pacientes, o risco aumentou significativamente para cada ano de uso do AM (OR 1,40; IC95% 1,11-1,77, p=0,004). A remoção do dispositivo foi necessária em 4% dos pacientes. CONCLUSÕES: O AM é uma modalidade de tratamento eficaz para a DRGE. A disfagia pós-operatória é comum, e o risco de erosão esofágica aumenta com o tempo.

Fourteen Crutches for Mediocrity. The logismoi that jeopardize good research and publication.

Publications are used widely as a measure of academic quality. Many investigators have difficulty publishing in this competitive field. After coming across a religious lecture on the "Fourteen Crutches for Mediocrity", our team adapted this approach to life to the science of publishing: (1) what is the problem of doing it?; (2) there are worse!; (3) everybody does it!; (4) why exaggerate?; (5) I will do it tomorrow!; (6) maybe if …; (7) it is not used anymore!; (8) be a cousin not a brother!; (9) I need to be thanked!; (10) don't eat your own head, let it be!; (11) I can't possibly accomplish it!; (12) I don't feel like doing it!; (13) I am fed up!; (14) I am not worthwhile! These crutches jeopardize good research and thoughtful learned publications.

Fourteen Crutches for Mediocrity. The logismoi that jeopardize good research and publication

Publications are used widely as a measure of academic quality. Many investigators have difficulty publishing in this competitive field. After coming across a religious lecture on the “Fourteen Crutches for Mediocrity”, our team adapted this approach to life to the science of publishing: (1) what is the problem of doing it?; (2) there are worse!; (3) everybody does it!; (4) why exaggerate?; (5) I will do it tomorrow!; (6) maybe if …; (7) it is not used anymore!; (8) be a cousin not a brother!; (9) I need to be thanked!; (10) don’t eat your own head, let it be!; (11) I can’t possibly accomplish it!; (12) I don’t feel like doing it!; (13) I am fed up!; (14) I am not worthwhile! These crutches jeopardize good research and thoughtful learned publications (AU)

Las publicaciones se utilizan ampliamente como una medida para cualidad académica. Investigadores menos experimentados tiene dificultades para publicar en este campo competitivo. Nuestro equipo adaptó una conferencia religiosa sobre «Catorce muletillas para la mediocridad» al tema de la escritura científica: 1) ¿Qué hay de malo? 2) ¡Los hay peores! 3) ¡Lo hacen todos! 4) ¡Sin exagerar! 5) ¡Mañana! 6) ¡Ojalá! 7) ¡Es que ya no se lleva! 8) ¡Hay que ser hermanos, pero no primos! 9) Para lo que te lo van a agradecer… 10) ¡No te comas la cabeza, déjate llevar! 11) ¡No puedo lograrlo! 12) ¡No me apetece! 13) ¡Estoy harto! 14) ¡Yo no valgo! Logismoi es un término griego que describe pensamientos agresivos o tentadores. Las muletillas presentadas pueden poner en peligro una buena investigación y publicación

LAPAROSCOPIC ANTIREFLUX SURGERY: ARE OLD QUESTIONS ANSWERED? USEFUL FOR EXTRA-ESOPHAGEAL SYMPTOMS? / CIRURGIA LAPAROSCÓPICA ANTI-REFLUXO: PERGUNTAS ANTIGAS FORAM RESPONDIDAS ? É ÚTIL NOS SINTOMAS EXTRA-ESOFÁGICOS ?

METHODS: Gastroesophageal reflux disease is usually associated with esophageal or typical symptoms such as heartburn, regurgitation, and dysphagia. However, there is today mounting evidence that gastroesophageal reflux can also cause extra-esophageal or atypical problems such as cough, aspiration pneumonia, and pulmonary fibrosis. AIM: The aim of this study was to discuss the pathophysiology of extra-esophageal symptoms, the diagnostic evaluation, complications, and the outcome of video laparoscopic antireflux surgery. This study analyzes the recent literature review. RESULTS: It is important to separate patients with respiratory symptoms into two different groups: group I: patients having typical symptoms such as heartburn and respiratory symptoms, and group II: patients having respiratory symptoms only, in whom reflux is otherwise silent. CONCLUSIONS: Gastroesophageal reflux can cause respiratory symptoms in addition to esophageal typical symptoms. High index of suspicion should be present, and a complete workup was done to diagnose whether pathologic reflux is present and whether it extends to the proximal esophagus or pharynx. Antireflux surgery in these patients should be considered, as it is safe and effective.

OBJETIVO: A doença do refluxo gastroesofágico geralmente está associada a sintomas esofágicos ou típicos, como azia, regurgitação e disfagia. No entanto, existem hoje evidências crescentes, que o refluxo gastroesofágico também pode causar problemas extraesofágicos ou atípicos, como tosse, pneumonia por aspiração e fibrose pulmonar. discutir a fisiopatologia dos sintomas extraesofágicos, avaliação diagnóstica, complicações e o resultado da cirurgia videolaparoscópica antirrefluxo. MÉTODOS: Análise de revisão recente da literatura. RESULTADOS: É importante separar os pacientes com sintomas respiratórios em dois grupos distintos: grupo I: pacientes que apresentam sintomas típicos como azia e sintomas respiratórios e grupo II: pacientes que apresentam apenas sintomas respiratórios, nos quais o refluxo é silencioso. CONCLUSÕES: O refluxo gastroesofágico pode causar sintomas respiratórios além dos sintomas esofágicos típicos. Elevado índice de suspeita deve estar presente e uma avaliação completa deve ser feita para diagnosticar se o refluxo patológico está presente e se ele se estende ao esôfago proximal ou faringe. A cirurgia anti-refluxo nesses pacientes deve ser considerada, pois é segura e eficaz.

Fourteen Crutches for Mediocrity. The logismoi that jeopardize good research and publication.

Publications are used widely as a measure of academic quality. Many investigators have difficulty publishing in this competitive field. After coming across a religious lecture on the "Fourteen Crutches for Mediocrity", our team adapted this approach to life to the science of publishing: (1) what is the problem of doing it?; (2) there are worse!; (3) everybody does it!; (4) why exaggerate?; (5) I will do it tomorrow!; (6) maybe if …; (7) it is not used anymore!; (8) be a cousin not a brother!; (9) I need to be thanked!; (10) don't eat your own head, let it be!; (11) I can't possibly accomplish it!; (12) I don't feel like doing it!; (13) I am fed up!; (14) I am not worthwhile! These crutches jeopardize good research and thoughtful learned publications.

Influence of Gastric Bypass on Obese Women Sexual Function-a Prospective Study.

INTRODUCTION: Obesity may lead to hyperandrogenia and affect female sexual function. The study aims to evaluate female sexual function and androgenic profile in obese women after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB). METHODS: Forty obese women with a mean age of 34 years were prospectively studied. Diabetes and psychiatric and pelvic disorders were the exclusion criteria. All patients underwent LRYGB. Total (TT) and free (FT) testosterone, androstenedione (AD), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and the Sexual Quotient - Female Version were evaluated, preoperatively, 6 and 12 months after the operation. RESULTS: Preoperative incidence of sexual dysfunction was 10% and hyperandrogenia was 40%. At 6 months, sexual function was not different; and FT (0.49-0.33 ng/dl) and AD (2.0-1.3 ng/dl) decreased significantly. At 12 months, there was an improvement in female sexual function (77-84 points), related to desire and interest (22-25 points) and comfort (15.9-17.3 points) without case of sexual dysfunction at 12 months. Hyperandrogenia (40-8%), FT levels (0.5-0.3 ng/dl), and AD (2.0-1.4 ng/dl) decreased, while DHEA levels (3.4-4.2 ng/dl) increased. The percentage of weight loss was 22% and 31% at 6 and 12 months, respectively. Sexual function did not correlate with BMI, weight, or androgen levels in any period. CONCLUSION: Female sexual function in obese women with no diabetes and psychiatric and pelvic disorders improved in patients undergoing LRYGB, especially in desire, interest, and sexual comfort, and this occured after 6 months of the operation and unrelated to BMI, percentage of weight loss, or androgen levels. KEY POINTS: • In obese women with no diabetes and psychiatric and pelvic disorders the FSD improvement after LRYGB. • FSD no correlation with weight loss and BMI. • FSD no correlation with androgens levels.

Cirurgia laparoscópica anti-refluxo: perguntas antigas foram respondidas ? é útil nos sintomas extra-esofágicos ? / Laparoscopic antireflux surgery: are old questions answered? useful for extra-esophageal symptoms?

RESUMO - RACIONAL: A doença do refluxo gastroesofágico geralmente está associada a sintomas esofágicos ou típicos, como azia, regurgitação e disfagia. No entanto, existem hoje evidências crescentes, que o refluxo gastroesofágico também pode causar problemas extraesofágicos ou atípicos, como tosse, pneumonia por aspiração e fibrose pulmonar. OBJETIVO: discutir a fisiopatologia dos sintomas extraesofágicos, avaliação diagnóstica, complicações e o resultado da cirurgia videolaparoscópica antirrefluxo. MÉTODOS: Análise de revisão recente da literatura. RESULTADOS: É importante separar os pacientes com sintomas respiratórios em dois grupos distintos: grupo I: pacientes que apresentam sintomas típicos como azia e sintomas respiratórios e grupo II: pacientes que apresentam apenas sintomas respiratórios, nos quais o refluxo é silencioso. CONCLUSÕES: O refluxo gastroesofágico pode causar sintomas respiratórios além dos sintomas esofágicos típicos. Elevado índice de suspeita deve estar presente e uma avaliação completa deve ser feita para diagnosticar se o refluxo patológico está presente e se ele se estende ao esôfago proximal ou faringe. A cirurgia anti-refluxo nesses pacientes deve ser considerada, pois é segura e eficaz.

ABSTRACT - BACKGROUND: Gastroesophageal reflux disease is usually associated with esophageal or typical symptoms such as heartburn, regurgitation, and dysphagia. However, there is today mounting evidence that gastroesophageal reflux can also cause extra-esophageal or atypical problems such as cough, aspiration pneumonia, and pulmonary fibrosis. AIM: The aim of this study was to discuss the pathophysiology of extra-esophageal symptoms, the diagnostic evaluation, complications, and the outcome of video laparoscopic antireflux surgery. METHODS: This study analyzes the recent literature review. RESULTS: It is important to separate patients with respiratory symptoms into two different groups: group I: patients having typical symptoms such as heartburn and respiratory symptoms, and group II: patients having respiratory symptoms only, in whom reflux is otherwise silent. CONCLUSIONS: Gastroesophageal reflux can cause respiratory symptoms in addition to esophageal typical symptoms. High index of suspicion should be present, and a complete workup was done to diagnose whether pathologic reflux is present and whether it extends to the proximal esophagus or pharynx. Antireflux surgery in these patients should be considered, as it is safe and effective.

The applicability of high resolution manometry in total laryngectomy.

PURPOSE: This study aims to measure the pressure of the pharynx and the pharyngoesophageal segment (PES) at rest and during phonation in total laryngectomized patients, with different levels of voice production. METHODS: four total laryngectomized individuals participated in the study, All patients underwent High Resolution Manometry (MAR) at rest and during phonation. After this process, a descriptive analysis of the results was performed. RESULTS: we observed that during rest the patients had PES pressure below normal and this data may be related to changes in the muscular connections at the level of the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) especially the interruption of the cricopharyngeal plexus. During phonation, two patients presented higher UES pressure values during phonation, when compared to the values found at rest, suggesting that introduction of air into the esophagus is followed by pharyngoesophageal contraction and that during phonation the patients with good esophageal speech may develop more pressure in this region. CONCLUSION: Studies with a greater number of participants may help define, for example, subjects who may benefit from procedures such as cricopharyngeal myotomy or other medical conduct in order to facilitate the acquisition of esophageal voice in these patients.

Transdiaphragmatic Pressure Gradient (TPG) Has a Central Role in the Pathophysiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) in the Obese and it Correlates with Abdominal Circumference but Not with Body Mass Index (BMI).

INTRODUCTION: Pathophysiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is multifactorial. An increased transdiaphragmatic pressure gradient (TPG) may be a main element for GERD in the obese patient. This study aims to evaluate the role of TPG in the physiopathology of GERD in obese individuals. METHODS: We studied 47 unselected consecutive candidates for bariatric operations (body mass index (BMI) > 35). All patients underwent high-resolution manometry and esophageal pH monitoring. Individuals were grouped as GERD + or GERD - based on DeMeester score. Abdominal pressure (AP) and thoracic pressure (TP), transdiaphragmatic pressure gradient (AP-TP), and lower esophageal sphincter (LES) retention pressure (LES basal pressure-TPG) were determined. Manometric variables were compared with a group of 20 lean healthy individuals (BMI < 25). RESULTS: There were 27 (57%) GERD + patients and 20 (43%) GERD - patients. TPG, waist circumference, LES retention pressure, and AP were higher in GERD + group as compared with GERD - individuals. GERD - group had manometric parameters similar to controls except for AP. GERD + patients had higher AP and TPG and lower LES retention pressure compared with controls. TPG and LES retention pressure correlated with waist circumference and DeMeester score. BMI correlated with AP but not with waist circumference or DeMeester score. CONCLUSION: In the obese, GERD presence and severity were associated to a high TPG due to increase AP that correlates with waist circumference.

Pharyngeal Motility Before and After Thyroarytenoid Muscle Botulinum Toxin Injection.

Botulinum toxin type A (BTA) injection in intrinsic laryngeal musculature may result in dysphagia and consequent loss of quality of life (QOL) in a percentage of patients. This study aims to evaluate pharyngeal motility as a putative cause for this change in swallow quality in light of high-resolution manometry (HRM). Twenty patients (95% females, median age 66 years) underwent high-resolution manometry before and after BTA injection. Dysphagia was evaluated based on a QOL dedicated questionnaire (SWAL-QOL) before and after BTA injection. Pharyngeal motility at the topography of the vellum, epiglottis, and upper esophageal sphincter (UES) were recorded. Eleven (55%) subjects had worsened QOL after BTA injection. In patients with worsened QOL, UES extension decreased (p = 0.005), UES residual pressure increased (p = 0.02), UES basal pressure decreased (p = 0.04), and velopharynx contraction duration decreased (p = 0.04). UES residual pressure increased (p = 0.01), velopharynx peak pressure (p = 0.04) and upstroke (p = 0.007) decreased in patients with maintained QOL. There was no difference between groups when comparing pre-injection values. UES extension (p = 0.01) and UES maximum relaxation time (p = 0.03) was lower in the group with worsened QOL after BTA as compared to no change in QOL. Pharyngeal motility as measured by HRM was not a predictor for post procedure dysphagia and the changes in motility after BTA injection does not seem to be a strong contributor to dysphagia.

The applicability of high resolution manometry in total laryngectomy / Aplicabilidade da manometria de alta resolução na laringectomia total

Abstract: Purpose: This study aims to measure the pressure of the pharynx and the pharyngoesophageal segment (PES) at rest and during phonation in total laryngectomized patients, with different levels of voice production. Methods: four total laryngectomized individuals participated in the study, All patients underwent High Resolution Manometry (MAR) at rest and during phonation. After this process, a descriptive analysis of the results was performed. Results: we observed that during rest the patients had PES pressure below normal and this data may be related to changes in the muscular connections at the level of the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) especially the interruption of the cricopharyngeal plexus. During phonation, two patients presented higher UES pressure values during phonation, when compared to the values found at rest, suggesting that introduction of air into the esophagus is followed by pharyngoesophageal contraction and that during phonation the patients with good esophageal speech may develop more pressure in this region. Conclusion: Studies with a greater number of participants may help define, for example, subjects who may benefit from procedures such as cricopharyngeal myotomy or other medical conduct in order to facilitate the acquisition of esophageal voice in these patients.

Resumo: Objetivo: medir a pressão da faringe e do segmento faringo-esofágico (SFE), no repouso e durante a sua vibração (na produção de voz esofágica) em pacientes laringectomizados totais com diferentes níveis de produção de voz. Método: participaram do estudo quatro indivíduos laringectomizados totais, todos submetidos à Manometria de Alta Resolução (MAR) no repouso e durante a fonação. Após esse processo, foi realizada uma análise descritiva dos resultados. Resultados: em nosso estudo, observamos que, durante o repouso, os pacientes apresentaram pressão do esfíncter esofágico superior (EES) abaixo da normalidade, e este dado pode estar relacionado a alterações das conexões musculares, ao nível do EES, especialmente, a interrupção do plexo cricofaríngeo. Durante a fonação, dois pacientes apresentaram maiores valores de pressão do EES, em todas as fonações, quando comparado com os valores encontrados no repouso, sugerindo que a introdução de ar no esôfago é seguida de contração faringo-esofágica e que, durante a fonação, os pacientes bons falantes esofágicos, podem desenvolver maior pressão nesta região. Conclusão: estudos com maior número de participantes podem ajudar a definir, por exemplo, sujeitos que poderão se beneficiar de procedimentos como a miotomia do cricofaríngeo ou outra conduta médica, a fim de facilitar a aquisição de voz esofágica nesses pacientes.

PREOPERATIVE MANOMETRY FOR THE SELECTION OF OBESE PEOPLE CANDIDATE TO SLEEVE GASTRECTOMY.

BACKGROUND: Sleeve gastrectomy may alter esophageal motility and lower esophageal sphincter pressure. AIM: To detect manometric changings in the esophagus and lower esophageal sphincter before and after sleeve gastrectomy in order to select patients who could develop postoperative esophageal motilitity disorders and lower esophageal sphincter pressure modifications. METHODS: Seventy-three patients were selected. All were submitted to manometry before the operation and one year after. The variables analyzed were: resting pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter, contraction wave amplitude, duration of contraction waves, and esophageal peristalsis. Data were compared before and after surgery and to the healthy and non-obese control group. Exclusion criteria were: previous gastric surgery, reflux symptoms or endoscopic findings of reflux or hiatal hernia, diabetes and use of medications that could affect esophageal or lower esophageal sphincter motility. RESULTS: 49% of the patients presented preoperative manometric alterations: lower esophageal sphincter hypertonia in 47%, lower esophageal sphincter hypotonia in 22% and increase in contraction wave amplitude in 31%. One year after surgery, manometry was altered in 85% of patients: lower esophageal sphincter hypertonia in 11%, lower esophageal sphincter hypotonia in 52%, increase in contraction wave amplitude in 27% and 10% with alteration in esophageal peristalsis. Comparing the results between the preoperative and postoperative periods, was found statistical significance for the variables of the lower esophageal sphincter, amplitude of contraction waves and peristalsis. CONCLUSION: Manometry in the preoperative period of sleeve gastrectomy is not an exam to select candidates to this technique.

Preoperative manometry for the selection of obese people candidate to sleeve gastrectomy / Manometria pré-operatória para a seleção de obesos candidatos à gastrectomia vertical

ABSTRACT Background: Sleeve gastrectomy may alter esophageal motility and lower esophageal sphincter pressure. Aim: To detect manometric changings in the esophagus and lower esophageal sphincter before and after sleeve gastrectomy in order to select patients who could develop postoperative esophageal motilitity disorders and lower esophageal sphincter pressure modifications. Methods: Seventy-three patients were selected. All were submitted to manometry before the operation and one year after. The variables analyzed were: resting pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter, contraction wave amplitude, duration of contraction waves, and esophageal peristalsis. Data were compared before and after surgery and to the healthy and non-obese control group. Exclusion criteria were: previous gastric surgery, reflux symptoms or endoscopic findings of reflux or hiatal hernia, diabetes and use of medications that could affect esophageal or lower esophageal sphincter motility. Results: 49% of the patients presented preoperative manometric alterations: lower esophageal sphincter hypertonia in 47%, lower esophageal sphincter hypotonia in 22% and increase in contraction wave amplitude in 31%. One year after surgery, manometry was altered in 85% of patients: lower esophageal sphincter hypertonia in 11%, lower esophageal sphincter hypotonia in 52%, increase in contraction wave amplitude in 27% and 10% with alteration in esophageal peristalsis. Comparing the results between the preoperative and postoperative periods, was found statistical significance for the variables of the lower esophageal sphincter, amplitude of contraction waves and peristalsis. Conclusion: Manometry in the preoperative period of sleeve gastrectomy is not an exam to select candidates to this technique.

RESUMO Racional: A gastrectomia vertical pode determinar alterações na motilidade esofágica e no esfíncter inferior do esôfago. Objetivo: Estudar as alterações manométricas do esfíncter inferior do esôfago e do esôfago antes e depois da operação a fim de selecionar pacientes que pudessem desenvolver alterações pós-operatórias. Métodos: Setenta e três pacientes foram selecionados. Todos foram submetidos à manometria antes da operação e um ano após. As variáveis analisadas foram: pressão do esfíncter inferior do esôfago, amplitude e duração das ondas de contração e peristaltismo esofágico. Os dados foram comparados entre si antes e depois da operação e também com grupo controle saudável e não obeso. Critérios de exclusão foram: operação gástrica prévia, história de refluxo ou achado endoscópico de esofagite de refluxo ou de hérnia de hiato, diabete e uso de medicamentos que pudessem afetar a motilidade do esôfago ou do esfíncter esofágico inferior. Resultados: 49% dos pacientes apresentaram alterações no pré-operatório: hipertonia do esfíncter em 47%, hipotonia do esfíncter em 22% e aumento na amplitude das ondas de contração em 31%. Um ano após, a manometria encontrou-se alterada em 85% dos pacientes: hipertonia do esfíncter em 11%, hipotonia do esfíncter em 52%, aumento na amplitude das ondas de contração em 27% e 10% com alteração no peristaltismo esofágico. Comparando-se os resultados entre o pré e pós-operatório encontrou-se significância estatística para a pressão do esfíncter inferior do esôfago, amplitude das ondas de contração e peristaltismo. Conclusão: A manometria no pré-operatório da gastrectomia vertical não é fator de seleção dos candidatos a essa técnica.