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1.
Radiol. bras ; 46(6): 358-366, Nov-Dec/2013. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-699251

ABSTRACT

Objective The authors have sought to study the calibration of a clinical PKA meter (Diamentor E2) and a calibrator for clinical meters (PDC) in the Laboratory of Ionizing Radiation Metrology at Instituto de Energia e Ambiente - Universidade de São Paulo. Materials and Methods Different qualities of both incident and transmitted beams were utilized in conditions similar to a clinical setting, analyzing the influence from the reference dosimeter, from the distance between meters, from the filtration and from the average beam energy. Calibrations were performed directly against a standard 30 cm3 cylindrical chamber or a parallel-plate monitor chamber, and indirectly against the PDC meter. Results The lowest energy dependence was observed for transmitted beams. The cross calibration between the Diamentor E2 and the PDC meters, and the PDC presented the greatest propagation of uncertainties. Conclusion The calibration coefficient of the PDC meter showed to be more stable with voltage, while the Diamentor E2 calibration coefficient was more variable. On the other hand, the PDC meter presented greater uncertainty in readings (5.0%) than with the use of the monitor chamber (3.5%) as a reference. .

2.
Rev. imagem ; 32(1/2): 13-19, jan.-jun. 2010. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-613229

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Para comparar o benefício da mamografia e o risco de câncer induzido por raios X, devese investigar as doses absorvidas. Nesse sentido, determinaram-se espectros dos raios X de um mamógrafo clínico, para combinação alvo/filtro Mo/Mo, utilizando espectrometria Compton, e avaliou-se a dose glandular média (DGM) em um simulador de mamas de BR-12. MATERIAL E MÉTODO:Um detector de CdTe foi usado para espectrometria dos raios X espalhados a ~ 100° por um cilindrode PMMA, para diferentes profundidades de BR-12 e tensões entre 28 e 35 kV. Após a reconstrução do espectro dos feixes primários, a partir dos medidos, determinou-se a DGM. RESULTADOS:Obtiveram-se camadas semirredutoras de 0,39 a 0,45 mmAl (espectrometricamente) e de 0,38 a0,42 mmAl (com câmara de ionização) para os feixes incidentes na superfície do simulador. A DGMNnormalizada por unidade de kerma no ar incidente, na superfície de BR-12, variou de 0,156 a 0,226.CONCLUSÃO: Os valores de DGMN variaram de 1% a 3%, em relação aos obtidos com câmara. O método empregado é uma boa alternativa para a determinação de DGMN e da distribuição de dose em profundidade em simuladores mamários.


OBJECTIVE: To compare mammography benefit and X-ray induced cancer risk, one should investigate absorbed doses. For this purpose, spectra of primary X-ray beams from a clinical mammographyequipment were determined for Mo/Mo target/filter combination,using Compton spectrometry and average glandular dose (AGD) in a BR-12 breast phantom was evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A CdTe detector was used for spectrometry of X-ray beams Compton scattered around 100°, by a PMMA cylinder, for different depths inside the BR-12 phantom and voltages between 28 and 35 kV. The reconstruction of the primary beam spectra from the measured ones was followed by the determination of AGD. RESULTS: Half-value layer values determined by spectra resulted 0.39 to 0.45 mmAl, and by ionization chamber, 0.38 to 0.42 mmAl, respectively, for beams incident on the phantom surface. The AGDN normalized per unitary incident air kerma, on the BR-12 surface, ranged from 0.156 to 0.226. CONCLUSION: The percentage deviation of AGDN, relative to the chamber measurements, ranged from 1% to 3%. The utilized method is a good alternative to determineAGDN and depth-dose distributions in breast phantoms.


Subject(s)
Early Detection of Cancer , Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission/methods , Mammography , Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Breast Neoplasms/prevention & control , Radiometry/adverse effects , Radiometry/methods
3.
Radiol. bras ; 42(6): 389-394, nov.-dez. 2009. ilus, tab
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-536423

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a grandeza practical peak voltage (PPV), determinada a partir da forma de onda de tensão aplicada a tubos radiológicos, e compará-la com algumas definições de kVp para diferentes tipos de geradores: monofásico (onda completa, clínico), trifásico (seis pulsos, clínico) e potencial constante (industrial). MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: O trabalho envolveu a comparação do PPV medido invasivamente (utilizando um divisor de tensão) com a resposta de dois medidores comerciais não invasivos, além dos valores de outras grandezas usadas para medição da tensão de pico aplicada ao tubo de raios X, e a análise da variação do PPV com a ondulação percentual da tensão (ripple). RESULTADOS: Verificou-se que a diferença entre o PPV e as definições mais comuns de tensão de pico aumenta com o ripple. Os valores de PPV variaram em até 3 por cento e 5 por cento, respectivamente, na comparação entre medições invasivas e não invasivas feitas com os equipamentos trifásico e monofásico. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados demonstraram que a principal grandeza de influência que afeta o PPV é o ripple da tensão. Adicionalmente, valores de PPV obtidos com medidores não invasivos devem ser avaliados considerando que eles dependem da taxa de aquisição e da forma de onda adquirida pelo instrumento.


OBJECTIVE: The present study was aimed at evaluating the practical peak voltage (PPV) determined from the voltage waveform applied to x-ray tubes and comparing it with some kVp definitions for different types of x-ray equipment: single-phase (full-wave) and three-phase (six-pulse) clinical x-ray generators, and an industrial constant potential apparatus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study involved the comparison between invasively measured PPV (with voltage dividers) and values obtained with two commercial noninvasive meters, besides values of other quantities utilized for measuring the x-ray tube peak voltage. The PPV variation with the voltage ripple was also analyzed in the present study. RESULTS: The authors observed that the difference between PPV and the most common peak voltage definitions increases with the ripple. PPV values varied up to 3 percent and 5 percent, respectively, in the comparison between invasive and non-invasive measurements with single-phase and three-phase devices. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that voltage ripple is the main quantity influencing the invasive or non-invasive PPV determination. Additionally, non-invasively measured PPV values should be evaluated taking into consideration their dependence on the data sample rate and waveform obtained by the device.


Subject(s)
Radiographic Magnification , Technology, Radiologic , Radiographic Magnification/instrumentation , Radiology
4.
Med Phys ; 35(8): 3539-45, 2008 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18777914

ABSTRACT

The protective shielding design of a mammography facility requires the knowledge of the scattered radiation by the patient and image receptor components. The shape and intensity of secondary x-ray beams depend on the kVp applied to the x-ray tube, target/filter combination, primary x-ray field size, and scattering angle. Currently, shielding calculations for mammography facilities are performed based on scatter fraction data for Mo/Mo target/filter, even though modern mammography equipment is designed with different anode/filter combinations. In this work we present scatter fraction data evaluated based on the x-ray spectra produced by a Mo/Mo, Mo/Rh and W/Rh target/filter, for 25, 30 and 35 kV tube voltages and scattering angles between 30 and 165 degrees. Three mammography phantoms were irradiated and the scattered radiation was measured with a CdZnTe detector. The primary x-ray spectra were computed with a semiempirical model based on the air kerma and HVL measured with an ionization chamber. The results point out that the scatter fraction values are higher for W/Rh than for Mo/Mo and Mo/Rh, although the primary and scattered air kerma are lower for W/Rh than for Mo/Mo and Mo/Rh target/filter combinations. The scatter fractions computed in this work were applied in a shielding design calculation in order to evaluate shielding requirements for each of these target/filter combinations. Besides, shielding requirements have been evaluated converting the scattered air kerma from mGy/week to mSv/week adopting initially a conversion coefficient from air kerma to effective dose as 1 Sv/Gy and then a mean conversion coefficient specific for the x-ray beam considered. Results show that the thickest barrier should be provided for Mo/Mo target/filter combination. They also point out that the use of the conversion coefficient from air kerma to effective dose as 1 Sv/Gy is conservatively high in the mammography energy range and overestimate the barrier thickness.


Subject(s)
Algorithms , Filtration/methods , Mammography/methods , Radiation Injuries/prevention & control , Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission/methods , Body Burden , Filtration/instrumentation , Humans , Mammography/instrumentation , Models, Biological , Radiation Dosage , Scattering, Radiation
5.
Radiol. bras ; 38(3): 195-204, maio-jun. 2005.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-416491

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Este trabalho tem como objetivo criar um protocolo de testes de aceitação para equipamentos de imagem por ressonância magnética e demonstrar como e quais tipos de dispositivos de teste podem ser usados para a coleta de dados. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Para cada um dos 15 testes selecionados foram elaborados a definição, o procedimento, a forma de análise e o critério de aceitação. RESULTADOS: Através dos testes de aceitação descritos é possível verificar características técnicas que constam nas propostas de venda dos fabricantes, assim como estabelecer valores de referências para serem utilizados em posteriores testes de constância. CONCLUSÃO: Futuros programas de garantia da qualidade em imagem por ressonância magnética devem considerar testes semelhantes ou iguais aos descritos neste trabalho.


Subject(s)
Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Diagnostic Equipment , Quality Control
6.
Med Phys ; 31(11): 2996-3003, 2004 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15587652

ABSTRACT

In this work a silicon PIN photodiode was employed in mammographic x-ray spectroscopy under clinical and nonclinical conditions. Measurements have been performed at a constant potential tungsten anode tube, adapted in this work with molybdenum filters to produce a beam like that used in mammography, and at a clinical equipment with a molybdenum anode tube by using an additional aluminum filtration. The corrected x-ray spectra were in full agreement with those generated by theoretical models published in the literature and agree well with those measured with a CdZnTe detector for tube voltages less than 30 kV. The half value layer and the relative exposure values calculated from the corrected silicon PIN photodiode spectra were in agreement with those measured with an ionization chamber. These results indicate that a silicon PIN photodiode are very suitable for mammographic x-ray spectroscopy. As an application, the voltage (kV) applied to mammographic x-ray equipment has been measured through the evaluation of the spectra high energy cut off. Uncertainties evaluated for the voltage values calculated from the measured spectra are less than 0.13% for voltages in the range 20-35 kV. The low uncertainties associated with the obtained results in this work point out that the method employed can be accurately used for calibration of noninvasive mammographic kVp meters.


Subject(s)
Mammography/instrumentation , Radiographic Image Enhancement/instrumentation , Radiometry/instrumentation , Silicon/radiation effects , Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission/instrumentation , Equipment Design , Equipment Failure Analysis , Mammography/methods , Radiation Dosage , Radiographic Image Enhancement/methods , Radiometry/methods , Reproducibility of Results , Semiconductors , Sensitivity and Specificity , Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission/methods
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