ABSTRACT
Recent data suggest an increased risk of cardiovascular events and mortality in men on testosterone therapy (TT). To date, there are no long-term, prospective studies to determine safety. In such cases, retrospective observational studies can be helpful. We examined our patient database to determine whether TT altered the risk of all-cause mortality in men. We queried our hormone database for all men with a serum testosterone level and then examined charts to determine testosterone status. In all, 509 men had charts available for review. We linked our patient records to the National Death Index to determine mortality. Of the 509 men who met inclusion criteria, 284 were on TT and 225 did not use testosterone. Age (mean 54 years) and follow-up time (mean 10 years) were similar for both groups. In all, 19 men died--10 (4.4%) men not on TT and 9 (3.2%) men on TT. After adjusting for age and year of evaluation, there was no significant difference in the risk of death based on TT (hazard ratio 0.92, 95% confidence interval 0.36-2.35, P=1.0). There appears to be no change in mortality risk overall for men utilizing long-term testosterone therapy.
Subject(s)
Hypogonadism/drug therapy , Mortality , Testosterone/adverse effects , Adult , Aged , Cohort Studies , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Risk Factors , Testosterone/blood , Testosterone/therapeutic use , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Mental health treatment providers are becoming increasingly aware of the negative effects of childhood sexual abuse. Recent research has revealed that many adult psychiatric patients are victims of childhood sexual abuse and that their symptoms are directly related to that abuse. This article describes a treatment approach that provides intensive group therapy in a case management setting for chronically mentally ill adult women who are survivors of childhood sexual trauma.
