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1.
Occup Environ Med ; 67(1): 58-66, 2010 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20029025

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between a spectrum of 24 maternal occupations and 45 birth defects for hypothesis generating purposes. METHODS: Cases of isolated and multiple birth defects (n = 8977) and all non-malformed live-born control births (n = 3833) included in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS) with estimated dates of delivery from 1 October 1997 through 31 December 2003 were included. A computer-assisted telephone interview with mothers was conducted. Occupational coding using the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification System and the 1997 North American Industry Classification System was completed for all jobs held by mothers. Jobs held from 1 month before pregnancy to the end of the third pregnancy month were considered exposures. Logistic regression models were run, adjusted for potential confounders. We also used a Bayesian approach to logistic regression. RESULTS: Approximately 72% of case mothers and 72% of control mothers in the NBDPS were employed. Several occupational groups were positively associated with one or more birth defects, including janitors/cleaners, scientists and electronic equipment operators. Using standard logistic regression, we found 42 (26 for Bayesian) significantly elevated risks of birth defects in offspring of working mothers. In addition, several other occupational groups were found to be negatively associated with one or more birth defects, including teachers and healthcare workers. Using standard logistic regression, we found 12 (11 for Bayesian) significantly reduced risks of birth defects among offspring of working women. CONCLUSIONS: Results from these analyses can be used for hypothesis generating purposes and guiding future investigations of occupational exposures and birth defects.


Subject(s)
Congenital Abnormalities/epidemiology , Infant, Newborn, Diseases/epidemiology , Maternal Exposure/statistics & numerical data , Occupations/statistics & numerical data , Adult , Bayes Theorem , Case-Control Studies , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Logistic Models , Pregnancy , Risk Factors , United States/epidemiology , Women, Working
2.
Int Arch Occup Environ Health ; 81(7): 797-804, 2008 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17938951

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed whether residents living near commercial airports have increased rates of hospital admissions due to respiratory diseases compared to those living farther away from these airports. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included all residents living within 12 miles from the center of each three airports (Rochester in Rochester, LaGuardia in New York City and MacArthur in Long Island). We obtained hospital admission data collected by the NYS Department of Health for all eligible residents who were admitted for asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and, for children aged 0-4 years, bronchitis and bronchiolitis during 1995-2000. Exposure indicators were distance from the airport (< or =5 miles versus >5 miles) and dominant wind-flow patterns from the airport (>75th percentile versus < or =75th percentile), as well as their combinations. RESULTS: Increased relative risks of hospital admissions for respiratory conditions were found for residents living within 5 miles from the airports (1.47; 95% CI 1.41, 1.52 for Rochester and 1.38; 95% CI 1.37, 1.39 for LaGuardia) compared to those living >5 miles. We did not find positive associations between wind-flow patterns and respiratory hospital admissions among the residents in any airport vicinity. No differences were observed for MacArthur airport using either exposure measure. CONCLUSION: There is the suggestion that residential proximity to some airports may increase hospital admissions for respiratory disorders. However, there are many factors that could influence this association that may differ by airport, which should be measured and studied further.


Subject(s)
Air Pollution/adverse effects , Aircraft , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Respiratory Tract Diseases/epidemiology , Humans , Middle Aged , New York City/epidemiology , Noise, Transportation/adverse effects , Particulate Matter/adverse effects
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