Abnormal response of left ventricular systolic function to submaximal exercise in post-partial left ventriculotomy patients.

Patients with heart failure who have undergone partial left ventriculotomy improve resting left ventricular systolic function, but have limited functional capacity. We studied systolic and diastolic left ventricular function at rest and during submaximal exercise in patients with previous partial left ventriculotomy and in patients with heart failure who had not been operated, matched for maximal and submaximal exercise capacity. Nine patients with heart failure previously submitted to partial left ventriculotomy were compared with 9 patients with heart failure who had not been operated. All patients performed a cardiopulmonary exercise test with measurement of peak oxygen uptake and anaerobic threshold. Radionuclide left ventriculography was performed to analyze ejection fraction and peak filling rate at rest and during exercise at the intensity corresponding to the anaerobic threshold. Groups presented similar exercise capacity evaluated by peak oxygen uptake and at anaerobic threshold. Maximal heart rate was lower in the partial ventriculotomy group compared to the heart failure group (119 +/- 20 vs 149 +/- 21 bpm; P < 0.05). Ejection fraction at rest was higher in the partial ventriculotomy group as compared to the heart failure group (41 +/- 12 vs 32 +/- 9%; P < 0.0125); however, ejection fraction increased from rest to anaerobic threshold only in the heart failure group (partial ventriculotomy = 44 +/- 17%; P = non-significant vs rest; heart failure = 39 +/- 11%; P < 0.0125 vs rest; P < 0.0125 vs change in the partial ventriculotomy group). Peak filling rate was similar at rest and increased similarly in both groups at the anaerobic threshold intensity (partial ventriculotomy = 2.28 +/- 0.55 EDV/s; heart failure = 2.52 +/- 1.07 EDV/s; P < 0.0125; P > 0.05 vs change in partial ventriculotomy group). The abnormal responses demonstrated here may contribute to the limited exercise capacity of patients with partial left ventriculotomy despite the improvement in resting left ventricular systolic function.

Abnormal response of left ventricular systolic function to submaximal exercise in post-partial left ventriculotomy patients

Patients with heart failure who have undergone partial left ventriculotomy improve resting left ventricular systolic function, but have limited functional capacity. We studied systolic and diastolic left ventricular function at rest and during submaximal exercise in patients with previous partial left ventriculotomy and in patients with heart failure who had not been operated, matched for maximal and submaximal exercise capacity. Nine patients with heart failure previously submitted to partial left ventriculotomy were compared with 9 patients with heart failure who had not been operated. All patients performed a cardiopulmonary exercise test with measurement of peak oxygen uptake and anaerobic threshold. Radionuclide left ventriculography was performed to analyze ejection fraction and peak filling rate at rest and during exercise at the intensity corresponding to the anaerobic threshold. Groups presented similar exercise capacity evaluated by peak oxygen uptake and at anaerobic threshold. Maximal heart rate was lower in the partial ventriculotomy group compared to the heart failure group (119 ± 20 vs 149 ± 21 bpm; P < 0.05). Ejection fraction at rest was higher in the partial ventriculotomy group as compared to the heart failure group (41 ± 12 vs 32 ± 9 percent; P < 0.0125); however, ejection fraction increased from rest to anaerobic threshold only in the heart failure group (partial ventriculotomy = 44 ± 17 percent; P = non-significant vs rest; heart failure = 39 ± 11 percent; P < 0.0125 vs rest; P < 0.0125 vs change in the partial ventriculotomy group). Peak filling rate was similar at rest and increased similarly in both groups at the anaerobic threshold intensity (partial ventriculotomy = 2.28 ± 0.55 EDV/s; heart failure = 2.52 ± 1.07 EDV/s; P < 0.0125; P > 0.05 vs change in partial ventriculotomy group). The abnormal responses demonstrated here may contribute to the limited exercise capacity of patients with partial left ventriculotomy despite...

Cardiac abnormalities in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A prospective study with a clinical-pathological correlation in twenty-one adult patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cardiac abnormalities and their evolution during the course of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, as well as to correlate clinical and pathological data. METHODS: Twenty-one patients, admitted to the hospital with the diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, were prospectively studied and followed until their death. Age ranged from 19 to 42 years (17 males). ECG and echocardiogram were also obtained every six months. After death, macro- and microscopic examinations were also performed. RESULTS: The most frequent causes of referral to the hospital were: diarrhea or repeated pneumonias, tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis or Kaposi sarcoma. The most frequent findings were acute or chronic pericarditis (42%) and dilated cardiomyopathy (19%). Four patients died of cardiac problems: infective endocarditis, pericarditis with pericardial effusion, bacterial myocarditis and infection by Toxoplasma gondii. CONCLUSION: Severe cardiac abnormalities were the cause of death in some patients. In the majority of the patients, a good correlation existed between clinical and anatomical-pathological data. Cardiac evaluation was important to detect early manifestations and treat them accordingly, even in asymptomatic patients.

Rheumatic carditis treated with high doses of pulsetherapy methylprednisolone. Results in 70 children over 12 years.

PURPOSE: To report the result of patients treated with IV methylprednisolone divided into three groups and compare their follow-up during the last 12 years. METHODS: Seventy children with active rheumatic carditis (76 episodes) in heart failure Class III and IV (NYHA) were studied. The diagnosis was based on modified Jones' criteria. After ruling out infections and strongyloidiasis, treatment with IV methylprednisolone bolus was started three times a week until the laboratory tests became negative. Patients were divided into 3 groups, according to the time of hospital admittance: Groups 1, 2 and 3, comprising of 40, 18 and 12 children, respectively. RESULTS: Eighteen children in Group 1 (45%) were in their 1st attack: 2 series of pulsetherapy were used in 10 (25%), 3 in 9 (23%) and 4 in 21 (52%). In Group 2, 14 cases (77%) were in their 1st attack: 2 series were used in 7 (39%), 4 in 9 (50%) and 5 in 2 (11%). The echocardiogram showed a flail mitral valve in 12 (66%) of these patients (1 death occurred after mitral valvoplasty). In Group 3, 6 patients needed 5 or more series of pulsetherapy and a flail mitral valve was present in 5 (41%). One child underwent mitral valve replacement while still in the active phase, after 8 series of pulsetherapy, and another died. The number of patients who needed 5 or more series was significantly higher in Group 3. CONCLUSION: There were variations in the presentation and evolution of the cases during these 12 year. The established pulsetherapy protocol continues to be useful to treat severe cases.

[Cardiac changes in children with AIDS]. / Alterações cardíacas em crianças com SIDA.

PURPOSE: To describe the cardiac findings in children with AIDS, the follow-up with treatment and the correlation between clinical and pathological features. METHODS: We studied prospectively 25 children with clinical-laboratorial diagnosis of AIDS, ages between 3 months and 11 years, even those without cardiac symptoms. We classified the signs of AIDS following that of CDC-Atlanta 1994. Eight children died and it was done necropsy in six with macro and microscopic examinations. RESULTS: Fifteen cases had already complications of AIDS and were classified as C2 and C3, 5 as B2, 3 B1 and 2 as A1. Beside the symptoms related to the disease and infections we found signs of congestive heart failure III and IV (NYHA) in 5 children, pericardial effusion in 5, (one of them had cardiac tamponade). In the electrocardiogram (EKG), 8 children had repolarization abnormalities. In 1st echocardiogram (ECHO) we found some features of dilated myocardiopathy in 8 (6 were asymptomatic) 5 of those had pericardial effusion, one child had huge amount of pericardial liquid and also increased measures of intraventricular septum and posterior wall of left ventricle by ECHO and confirmed by necropsy examination. All cases of diagnosis of myocardiopathy received treatment with captopril and 4 also received furosemide and digoxina. Even under oral treatment three of them had deterioration of heart failure but after combined anti-retroviral drugs they showed better cardiac functions. From the six necropsied cases, two had increased heart weight without myocarditis, one had toxoplasma pancarditis and other one had fibrocalcic vasculopathy. CONCLUSION: We found several assymptomatic cases already with decreased ventricular function. Some worsened of heart failure even under apropriate treatment and showed better cardiac index after combined anti-retroviral drugs.

[Clinicopathologic correlation in 50 cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Retrospective study]. / Correlação clínicopatológica de 50 casos de síndrome de imunodeficência adquirida. Estudo retrospectivo.

PURPOSE: To analyze myocardial abnormalities in patients of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with clinical and pathological correlation. METHODS: We selected 50 cases, retrospectively, age ranged from 3 months to 40 years, all of them had myocardial changes and the data of clinical records fulfilled our protocol. Cases of others cardiac diseases were not included. RESULTS: The pathological findings were: myocarditis in 33 (11 had severe myocarditis) and degenerative hystological lesions in 17. The etiologic agents detected were: Toxoplasma in 11, Cryptococcus in 7 and Cytomegalovirus in 3. In 12 cases we could not find any agent. In 15 cases occurred others lesions: endocarditis, pericarditis and sarcoma of Kaposi. It was noted tachycardia in 15 cases, decrease of heart sounds in 12, arterial hypotension in seven, systolic murmur in 8, galop rhythm in 7, pericardial friction rub in 3, arrhythmia in 2. Four patients had congestive heart failure. The EKG showed sinus tachycardia in 18, ST and T changes in 10, low voltage in 5, ST segment elevation in 5 and extrasystoles in 3 cases. The echocardiogram findings were: pericardial effusion in 9 cases and 9 had ventricular dysfunction. CONCLUSION: The cardiac lesions were very important even in patients without clinical signals. We need others prospective studies with viral identification trying to detect specific lesions of HIV.

[Severe tricuspid valve insufficiency due to papillary anterior muscle infarction of the right ventricle secondary to neonatal hypoxia]. / Insuficiência tricúspide severa por infarto do músculo papilar anterior do ventrículo direito secundário à hipóxia neonatal.

A fatal case of a stressed newborn baby who developed tricuspid insufficiency due to an anterior papillary muscle infarction of the right ventricle, related to perinatal anoxia is reported. The baby needed resuscitation management and had a systolic murmur soon after birth. The echocardiographic examination showed a flail anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve due to an avulsed anterior papillary muscle. There was rupture of chordae tendineae between anterior and posterior leaflet. Necrosis and calcium deposit were found in the area. The conclusion was that the anoxia in perinatal period, in most cases, causes transient lesions, but in few cases might be severe and fatal. It is important a complete cardiac evaluation in every case of prolonged perinatal stress.