Checklist of Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) of El Salvador.

This paper is primarily a compilation of published data on the staphylinid beetle species reported for El Salvador. It is based on taxonomic and ecological literature, with inclusion of some new records from different entomological collections. Thirty eight genera and 96 species are reported in the list, including a first country record: Eulissus chalybaeus. Country-level distribution outside of El Salvador, locality references and topographic zones are included for each species. In the list, three endemic species are recorded: Seeversiella badia, S. minima and Stenus salvadorensis. It is remarkable that 14 genera (37%) and 52 species (54%) have only been reported at a country level in the literature, without a specific locality of collection, indicating the need for local inventories of this coleopteran family in the salvadoran territory.

Two new species of Megarthrus (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Proteininae) from Mexican Cloud Forests.

Two new species of Megarthrus are described from cloud forests of the Mexican state of Veracruz: M. cavianae Rodríguez, Navarrete-Heredia Arriaga-Varela sp. nov., and Chiapas:  M. chiapas Cuccodoro sp. nov. They differ from the two hitherto known Mexican species M. altivagans Bernhauer, 1929, and M. alatorreorum Rodríguez Navarrete-Heredia, 2015, both from temperate forests of the Transmexican Volcanic Belt, by having synapomorphic features of the M. inaequalis-supergroup of species. This lineage includes all the Central and South American members of the genus, with the inclusion of these species, the distribution of the group is extend by more than 5 degree of latitude to the North. Within this lineage, the two new species share a very peculiar morphology of the male abdominal sternite VIII found elsewhere in the genus only in M. flavosignatus Bierig, 1940, and M. zunilensis Sharp, 1887, with which they form the M. zunilensis-group of species defined here.

Agathidium mexicanum Hendrichs, 1979: Types rediscovered.

Agathidium mexicanum Hendrichs, 1979: 106 is the single Mexican species of Leiodidae described by a Mexican entomologist: Chemical Engineer Jorge Hendrichs. As an amateur coleopterist he made a beetle collection of 18,400 specimens, adequately labeled by his wife and daughter. Most of the specimens are now in the entomological collection of the Instituto de Biología, UNAM. He published 12 papers, one of them devoted to the description of one leiodid species: Agathidium mexicanum Hendrichs, 1979. Type specimens of A. mexicanum were collected in Estado de Mexico and Distrito Federal (now Ciudad de México) localities (type locality: Cerro Tlaloc, Estado de México). The type series as described in the original description was constituted by 13 specimens: Holotype (male), allotype (female) and, 11 paratypes (6 males and 5 females). For specific details, data of the material examined is fully included (Hendrichs 1979: 110):.

Mexico ants: incidence and abundance along the Nearctic-Neotropical interface.

Mexico is one of the most biodiverse countries in the world, with an important proportion of endemism mainly because of the convergence of the Nearctic and Neotropical biogeographic regions, which generate great diversity and species turnover at different spatial scales. However, most of our knowledge of the Mexican ant biota is limited to a few well-studied taxa, and we lack a comprehensive synthesis of ant biodiversity information. For instance, most of the knowledge available in the literature on Mexican ant fauna refers only to species lists by states, or is focused on only a few regions of the country, which prevents the study of several basic and applied aspects of ants, from diversity and distribution to conservation. Our aims in this data paper are therefore (1) to compile all the information available regarding ants across the Mexican territory, and (2) to identify major patterns in the gathered data set and geographic gaps in order to direct future sampling efforts. All records were obtained from raw data, including both unpublished and published information. After exhaustive filtering and updating information and synonyms, we compiled a total of 21,731 records for 887 ant species distributed throughout Mexico from 1894 to 2018. These records were concentrated mainly in the states of Chiapas (n = 6,902, 32.76%) and Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave (n = 4,329, 19.92%), which together comprise half the records. The subfamily with the highest number of records was Myrmicinae (n = 10,458 records, 48.12%), followed by Formicinae (n = 3,284, 15.11%) and Ponerinae (n = 1,914, 8.8%). Most ant records were collected in the Neotropical region of the country (n = 12,646, 58.19%), followed by the Mexican transition zone (n = 5,237, 24.09%) and the Nearctic region (n = 3,848, 17.72%). Native species comprised 95.46% of the records (n = 20,745). To the best of our knowledge, this is the most complete data set available to date in the literature for the country. We hope that this compilation will encourage researchers to explore different aspects of the population and community research of ants at different spatial scales, and to aid in the establishment of conservation policies and actions. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using its data for publications or teaching events.

Synthesis of Mexican Symphypleona (Hexapoda: Collembola): updated checklist with ecological and geographical distribution.

A taxonomic list of recorded Symphypleona from Mexico is presented. Data also includes a nomenclatorial update, distribution per political entity and habitat preferences. It is indicated that 28 genera and 73 species are currently distributed in 23 of the 32 states of Mexico. Quintana Roo represents the most diverse state (27 species) followed by Jalisco and Hidalgo (20 spp.). Reviews consulted indicate that eleven endemic species have been recorded so far from Mexico. According to the literature, one-third of the collected specimens across Mexico from leaf litter have yielded Symphypleona. The three most diverse genera recorded are, Sminthurides with 9 species, Sminthurinus and Sminthurus with 7 species each.

Efecto de la temperatura y salinidad en la eclosión y supervivencia de Aedes aegypti (L) (Diptera: Culicidae) procedentes del occidente de México / Effect of temperature and salinity on the eclosion and survival of Aedes aegypti (L) (Diptera: Culicidae) from Western Mexico

Introducción: Aedes aegypti (L) (Diptera: Culicidae), es una especie cosmopolita y vector de arbovirosis. Las variaciones de la temperatura y salinidad del agua influyen en la eclosión y supervivencia de fases larvales. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de diferentes temperaturas y salinidades en la eclosión de huevos y la supervivencia de larvas, pupas y adultos bajo condiciones de laboratorio. Métodos: Se colectaron larvas de Ae. aegypti, de reservorios artificiales en la zona periurbana de Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, México, y se mantuvieron hasta la fase adulta. Los huevos obtenidos se sometieron a ocho temperaturas (15, 17, 20, 25, 27, 30, 32 y 35 °C). Se colocaron 15 huevos por quintuplicado y se evaluó la eclosión durante 96 h. Se colocaron 100 huevos con agua ajustada a 0.3, 2, 5, 10, 15,18 y 22 ups y se evaluó la eclosión hasta las 96 h. Adicionalmente se utilizaron larvas del estadio IV, por quintuplicado, sometiéndose a las mismas salinidades y se evaluó la supervivencia hasta las 48 h. El efecto de la salinidad en la ovoposición de las hembras se llevó a cabo introduciendo recipientes con las mismas concentraciones salinas, dentro en las jaulas entomológicas. Resultados: Se registró el 100 por ciento de eclosión a las 24 y 48 h; la temperatura de 35° C no registró eclosión. Las salinidades de 22 y 18 ups, provocaron mortalidad del 100 por ciento a las 24 h. En la salinidad de 15 ups, sobrevivió el 50 por ciento. Las concentraciones de 2, 5 y 10 ups demostraron 100 por ciento de supervivencia hasta la fase de adulto. La supervivencia de larvas del estadio IV en los tratamientos 2, 5 y 10 fue del 100 por ciento y en 15,18 y 22 ups disminuyó a 50, 80 y 100 por ciento, respectivamente (p˂ 0,05). Las diferentes concentraciones salinas no afectaron significativamente la ovoposición. La eclosión solo se presentó en las concentraciones de 0,3; 2; 5 y 10 ups. Los huevos ovopositados en concentraciones de 15, 18 y 22 ups no eclosionaron hasta que fueron transferidos a agua dulce con porcentajes de eclosión de entre el 80 y 90 por ciento. Conclusiones: Los embriones de Ae. aegypti poseen una amplia plasticidad para soportar cambios drásticos de temperatura y salinidad. El control efectivo de sus poblaciones debe incluir la revisión de charcas o reservorios que contengan aguas salobres hasta 18 ups(AU)

Introduction: Aedes aegypti (L) (Diptera: Culicidae) is a cosmopolitan species and a vector of arboviruses. Variations in the temperature and salinity of the water affect eclosion and survival during the larval stages. Objective: Evaluate the effect of different temperatures and salinities on the eclosion of eggs and the survival of larvae, pupae and adults in laboratory conditions. Methods: Ae. aegypti larvae were collected from artificial reservoirs in a peri-urban area of Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico, and maintained until the adult stage. The eggs obtained were subjected to eight temperatures (15, 17, 20, 25, 27, 30, 32 and 35 °C). Fifteen eggs were placed in quintuplicate and eclosion was evaluated for 96 h. One hundred eggs were placed with water adjusted to 0.3, 2, 5, 10, 15, 18 and 22 psu and eclosion was evaluated until 96 h. Additionally, stage IV larvae were used in quintuplicate, subjecting them to the same salinities and evaluating survival until 48 h. The effect of salinity on oviposition by females was determined by introducing containers with the same salinity into the entomological cages. Results: 100 percent eclosion was recorded at 24 and 48 h, whereas no eclosion occurred at a temperature of 35 °C. Salinities of 22 and 18 psu caused 100 percent mortality at 24 h, whereas 50 percent survived at a salinity of 15 psu. At concentrations of 2, 5 and 10 psu 100 percent of the larvae survived until the adult stage. Survival of stage IV larvae in treatments 2, 5 and 10 was 100%, whereas in 15, 18 and 22 psu it fell to 50, 80 and 100 percent, respectively (p˂ 0.05). The different salinities did not affect oviposition significantly. Eclosion only occurred at concentrations of 0.3, 2, 5 and 10 psu. Oviposited eggs at concentrations of 15, 18 and 22 psu did not eclose until they were transferred to fresh water, where eclosion percentages ranged between 80 percent and 90 percent. Conclusions: Ae. aegypti embryos have great plasticity to endure drastic changes in temperature and salinity. Effective control of their populations should include inspection of ponds and reservoirs containing brackish water of up to 18 psu(AU)

Orthoptera (Ensifera Caelifera) collected using carrion traps in a Quercus forest in Jalisco, Mexico, with description of a new genus and a new species (Trigonidiidae: Nemobiinae).

An annotated list of Orthoptera species collected in carrion traps in a Quercus forest was compiled. Marcelonemobius mutum n. gen. et n. sp. (Trigonidiidae; Nemobiinae) is described. Four sites were chosen in an altitudinal gradient: 2,100, 2,300, 2,500 and 2,700 m. and monthly captures between September 2013 to August 2014. At each site, three carrion traps were placed separated by 100 m. A data logger situated at each altitude recorded temperature and humidity data. 175 individuals were registered belonging to seven families, 13 genera, and 15 species.

Control químico y biológico de larvas de Aedes aegypti en la costa norte de Jalisco, México / Chemical and biological control on Aedes aegypti larvae in the northern coastal region of Jalisco, Mexico

Introducción: el aumento de enfermedades transmitidas por mosquitos se ha asociado a cambios globales: el crecimiento de la población, la urbanización y el cambio climático. Dentro de las alternativas para evitar epidemias están el control químico y biológico. Objetivos: determinar las concentraciones efectivas de tres compuestos químicos para el control de larvas de Aedes aegypti en la región costa norte de Jalisco, México, y evaluar la capacidad predatoria de diversas especies acuáticas sobre larvas de mosquitos. Métodos: se evaluaron cinco concentraciones de temefos (1,5; 1; 0,1; 0,05 y 0,01 g/L), hipoclorito de sodio (5,5; 0,55; 0,05; 0,005 y 0,0005 g/L) y detergente (10; 5; 1; 0,5; 0,1 g/L). Se determinó la muerte de las larvas a 1, 3, 6 y 24 h y se calculó la CL50. Se evaluaron cuatro especies de peces, un crustáceo y una larva de díptero culícido. Se les suministraron diferentes cantidades de larvas (5, 10, 30, 50 y 80) por quintuplicado y se registró su consumo a diferentes tiempos (1, 3, 5, 9 y 24 h). Resultados: el temefos provocó el 100 por ciento de mortalidad en todas las concentraciones probadas. El NaClO provocó mortalidad del 100 por ciento en las dos concentraciones más altas. El detergente fue más eficiente a las tres concentraciones mayores. Los peces demostraron un consumo de casi el 100 por ciento en la mayoría de las densidades probadas. La larva de díptero culícido demostró un consumo cercano al 80 por ciento, el crustáceo solo consumió el 53 por ciento Conclusiones: el uso del temefos debe continuar siendo el larvicida químico de elección en Puerto Vallarta, México. La utilización de peces nativos se sugiere como adecuada para el control biológico(AU)

Introduction: the increase of diseases transmitted by mosquitoes has been associated to global changes such as the population growth, urbanization and climate change. Among the alternatives to avoid epidemics are the chemical and biological control. Objectives: to determine effective concentrations of three chemical compounds to control Aedes aegypti larvae in the northern coastal region of Jalisco and to evaluate the predatory ability of various aquatic species on mosquito larvae. Methods: five concentrations of temephos of (1.5, 1, 0.1; 0.05 and 0.01 g/L), sodium hypochlorite (5.5, 0.55, 0.05, 0,005 and 0.0005 g/L) and detergent (10, 5, 1, 0.5, 0.1 g/L) were evaluated. Larval death was estimated at different times (1, 3, 5, 9 and 24 h) and the LC50 was calculated. Four fish species, one crustacean and one dipteral culicid larva were evaluated. All were provided with different numbers of larvae (5, 10, 30, 50 and 80) five times and the larval consumption was recorded at different times (1, 3, 5, 9 and 24 h). Results: temephos caused 100 percent mortality of larvae in all tested concentrations. The NaClO caused 100 percent mortality at the two highest concentrations. The detergent was more efficient at the three higher concentrations. Fish proved to be efficient predators of larvae, as they consumed almost 100 percent of larvae in most of tested densities. The diptera culicid larva reached around 80 percent consumption whereas crustacean consumed only 53 percent. Conclusions: the use of temephos should remain the chemical larvicide of choice in Puerto Vallarta region. Native fish are suggested to be used as appropriate biological control agents(AU)