Aislamiento e identificación de microorganismos potencialmente amilolíticos y celulolíticos de suelos de humedales de Bogotá / Isolation and identification of potential amylolytic and cellulolytic microorganisms from soil of Bogota wetlands

RESUMEN Las amilasas y celulasas de origen microbiano se han utilizado desde hace más de tres décadas en la industria. El aislamiento de microorganismos nativos con capacidad amilolítica y celulolítica es el punto de partida para aprovechar la biodiversidad microbiana en la producción de amilasas y celulasas con características específicas que permitan obtener nuevos productos y optimizar procesos industriales donde estas sean aplicables. El objetivo de este trabajo fue aislar, a partir de suelo de cinco humedales en Bogotá, cepas microbianas productoras de enzimas amilolíticas y celulolíticas. Se realizó la medición de halos de hidrólisis en agar almidón y agar carboximetilcelulosa. Se evaluó la actividad enzimática por medio de la producción de azúcares reductores, determinados mediante la técnica del ácido 3,5 dinitrosalicílico. Se seleccionaron cuatro aislamientos amilolíticos diferentes, todos identificados como Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, con actividades entre 480±35 y 752±33 U/mL a 60°C. Cinco aislamientos celulolíticos diferentes fueron seleccionado, dos identificados como Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, dos como Yersinia massiliensis y uno como Stenotrophomonas nitritireducens, con actividades enzimáticas entre 13.82 ± 2.5 y 19.11 ± 2.3 U/mL a 50°C. Estos resultados demuestran que dentro de la biodiversidad de los suelos de humedales de Bogotá existen microrganismos productores de amilasas y celulasas que podrían ser aplicadas en procesos industriales.

ABSTRACT The amylases and cellulases obtained from microorganisms have been used since more than three decades in industry. The isolation of native microbial strains with amylolytic and cellulolytic ability is the starting point to make the best of microbial biodiversity and support the production of amylases and cellulases with novel characteristics to obtain new products and optimize industrial processes where these enzymes can be applied. The objective of this work was to isolate microbial strains with the capacity to produce amylolytic and cellulolytic enzymes from the soil of five wetlands in Bogotá. Hydrolysis halos measurements in starch agar and carboxymethylcellulose agar were performed. The enzymatic activity was determined through the production of reducing sugars which were determined by 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid method. Four different amylolytic isolations were selected and all of them were identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The amylolytic activity was between 480 ± 35 and 752±33 U/mL at 60°C. Five different cellulolytic strains were selected and two of them were identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, two as Yersinia massiliensis and one as Stenotrophomonas nitritireducens. Their cellulolytic activities were from 13.82 ± 2.51 to 19.11 ± 2.3 U/mL at 50°C. These results demonstrate that as a part of the Bogota wetlands soil biodiversity there are microorganisms producing amylases and cellulases which might be applied in industrial processes.

Síndrome de Mallory-Weiss. Reporte de caso y breve revisión de la literatura / Mallory-Weiss syndrome. Case report and brief review of the literature

Resumen Introducción El síndrome de Mallory-Weiss se caracteriza por el desgarro longitudinal de la mucosa de la unión gastroesofágica. En el presente trabajo hemos realizado una breve revisión de la literatura de utilidad para el estudiante de medicina y la hemos acompañado de un caso clínico para ilustrar el contenido aquí desarrollado. Caso Paciente del sexo masculino, de 40 años de edad, que acudió al servicio de urgencias de nuestra institución por presentar hematemesis, melena, datos de hipovolemia, e hipo de 2 días de evolución. Como antecedentes de importancia refirió consumo de alcohol a razón de 15 copas cada tercer día. Durante la endoscopía diagnóstica se identificó en la unión esofagogástrica, un coágulo adherente a la mucosa de 5 mm, con lo que se diagnosticó un desgarro de Mallory-Weiss. El tratamiento se realizó mediante endoscopía. Se optó por una inyección local de adrenalina con colocación posterior de liga. El paciente fue dado de alta sin complicaciones. Conclusión Los estudios realizados sobre el síndrome de Mallory-Weiss han permitido actualizar la información que se tiene al respecto. El avance tecnológico y científico ha incrementado las tasas de éxito del manejo de esta identidad.

Abstract Introduction Mallory-Weiss syndrome is characterized by the longitudinal tear of the mucosa of the gastroesophageal junction. In the present work we have made a brief review of the literature useful for the medical student and we have accompanied a clinical case to illustrate the content developed here. Case A 40-year-old male attended the emergency department of our institution due to hematemesis, melena, hypovolemia, and 2-day history of hiccups. The patient referred alcohol consumption at a rate of 15 drinks every third day. During diagnostic endoscopy, a mucosal adherent clot of 5 mm was identified in the gastric esophageal junction, and a Mallory-Weiss tear was diagnosed. The treatment was performed by endoscopy. We opted for a local injection of Adrenaline with subsequent endoscopic ligation. The patient was discharged without complications. Conclusion The studies carried out on the Mallory-Weiss Syndrome have made it possible to update the information available. The technological and scientific advance has increased the success rates of the management of this identity.

Embarazo ectópico abdominal: protocolo de tratamiento combinado. Reporte de un caso / Ectopic abdominal pregnancy: combined treatment strategy: A case report

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: El embarazo ectópico abdominal es una alteración poco frecuente, sin tratamiento definido hasta ahora. La extracción quirúrgica del feto y la aplicación de metotrexato representan una opción de tratamiento en pacientes con embarazo ectópico abdominal. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 36 años, con 16.2 semanas de embarazo, que acudió al servicio de urgencias por un cuadro de dolor en el epigastrio. El ultrasonido pélvico y la tomografía computada evidenciaron una imagen sugerente de feto sin vitalidad en el hipocondrio derecho. La laparotomía exploradora objetivó un feto masculino, de 115 g, cubierto con epiplón en el mesogastrio, extraído sin dificultad. No se retiró el tejido placentario, pues se encontraba adherido al tejido intestinal. El tratamiento consistió en múltiples dosis de metotrexato. La paciente evolucionó satisfactoriamente y fue dada de alta sin complicaciones. CONCLUSIÓN: El tratamiento combinado (laparotomía para la extracción del feto y administración posterior de metotrexato) es una opción efectiva en pacientes con embarazo ectópico abdominal no complicado, con tejido placentario adherido en zonas sumamente vascularizadas.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Abdominal ectopic pregnancy is a rare entity which treatment has not been clearly stablished. One of the therapeutic alternatives is the surgical extraction of the fetus and the subsequent application of methotrexate in these patients. CLINICAL CASE: A 36-year-old female patient came to the emergency unit complaining of pain in the epigastrium. The patient referred a pregnancy of 16.2 weeks. Pelvic ultrasound and computed tomography were performed, demonstrating a suggestive image of a fetus without vitality at the level of the right hypochondrium. An exploratory laparotomy was performed. A male 115 gram fetus was observed at the level of mesogastrium, and was extracted without difficulty. Placental tissue was not removed because it was adhered to intestinal tissue. The subsequent management consisted of methotrexate. The patient was discharged without complications. CONCLUSION: The combined therapy between laparotomy for the extraction of the fetus and administration of methotrexate may be viable for cases of uncomplicated abdominal ectopic pregnancy in which the placental tissue is adhered to highly vascularized areas.

Osteotomia en Chevron en hallux valgus / Chevron osteotomy in hallux valgus

Se evaluaron los resultados clinicos y radiologicos pre y posoperatorios obtenidos con la osteotomia en chevron mas partes blandas en pacientes con hallux valgus. Se realizo un estudio retrospectivo en 24 pacientes con hallux valgus intervenidos quirurgicamente entre agosto de 1997 y enero de 2002 (42 pies). Las tecnicas empleadas fueron osteotomia en chevron mas partes blandas (36 pies), mas osteotomia de Akin (4 pies) y osteotomia en chevron biplana (2 pies). El seguimiento promedio fue de 27 meses. Se evaluo segun mediciones radiologicas antes y despues de la operacion y segun la escala de la AOFAS (resumen truncado)

Osteotomia en Chevron en hallux valgus / Chevron osteotomy in hallux valgus

Se evaluaron los resultados clinicos y radiologicos pre y posoperatorios obtenidos con la osteotomia en chevron mas partes blandas en pacientes con hallux valgus. Se realizo un estudio retrospectivo en 24 pacientes con hallux valgus intervenidos quirurgicamente entre agosto de 1997 y enero de 2002 (42 pies). Las tecnicas empleadas fueron osteotomia en chevron mas partes blandas (36 pies), mas osteotomia de Akin (4 pies) y osteotomia en chevron biplana (2 pies). El seguimiento promedio fue de 27 meses. Se evaluo segun mediciones radiologicas antes y despues de la operacion y segun la escala de la AOFAS (resumen truncado)

Aqueous infiltration into an implantable miniaturized telescope.

The implantable miniaturized telescope (IMT) is the first intraocular magnifying system proposed for optical correction in patients with age-related macular degeneration (ARMD). The optical component is embedded in a carrying device designed as an intraocular lens that is implanted after cataract surgery. In this study, we report findings on an IMT that was explanted because of aqueous infiltration into its optic and describe the configuration of this device and the surgical technique required for its implantation. The patient, a 75-year-old male with bilateral cataract and nonexudative ARMD, underwent phacoemulsification with implantation of an IMT in the right eye. The rigid device, weighing 46.1 mg in aqueous, has an overall diameter of 13.5 mm and requires implantation through a large limbal incision. It is fixated at the 6 to 12 o'clock meridian. Follow-up examination revealed the presence of numerous droplets inside the IMT optic. The device was explanted and sent to our center for evaluation. A large fissure was found on the carrying device. However, it was unlikely the site for aqueous infiltration. Microdefects at the level of the sealing of the optical cylinder appeared to provide the opening for the inflow of aqueous that formed droplets. Based on the findings of this report the manufacturer has modified the sealing technique to avoid this complication. Current clinical trials are now ongoing to assess the efficacy of this device in providing visual rehabilitation for ARMD patients.

Synthesis, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and rat retinal toxicity of a novel mitomycin C-triamcinolone acetonide conjugate.

A novel conjugate of mitomycin C (MMC) and triamcinolone acetonide (TA) was synthesized using glutaric acid as a linker molecule. To determine the rate of hydrolysis, the conjugate was dissolved in aqueous solution and the rate of appearance of free MMC and TA was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. Antiproliferative activity of the MMC-TA conjugate and parent compounds was assessed using an NIH 3T3 fibroblast cell line. Cell growth was quantified using the MTT assay. Kinetic analysis of the hydrolysis rate demonstrated that the conjugate had a half-life of 23.6 h in aqueous solutions. The antiproliferative activities of the MMC-TA conjugate and MMC were both concentration dependent, with similar IC(50) values of 2.4 and 1.7 microM, respectively. However, individual responses at concentrations above 3 microM showed that the conjugate was less active than MMC alone. TA alone showed only limited inhibition of cell growth. Studies evaluating intravitreal injection of the conjugate demonstrate that this agent produced no measurable toxicity. Our data provide evidence that the MMC-TA conjugate could be used as a slow-release drug delivery system. This could in turn be used to modulate a posttreatment wound healing process or to treat various proliferative diseases.