Ethnic and geographic variation in gastrostomy placement among hospitalized older patients.

While whites may receive more healthcare services than African Americans, gastrostomies are more commonly placed in older African Americans. The purpose of this study was to explore geographic and ethnic variations in gastrostomy placement among older individuals. Data from National Hospital Discharge Surveys conducted between 1996 and 1999 were analyzed. The overall gastrostomy placement rate (per 1,000 discharges) in individuals aged 65 years or older during the four years was 10.9 (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 10.3-11.5)--among African Americans 20.0 (95% CI: 17.8-22.2) and among whites 10.2 (95% CI: 9.5-10.9). According to region, placement rates per 1000 discharges were 8.9 (95% CI: 7.6-10.2) in the west and 8.5 (95% CI: 7.8-9.2) in the midwest; but 11.8 (95% CI: 10.8-12.8) in the northeast and 12.9 (95% CI: 12.0-13.9) in the south. In multivariate analyses, including sex, age, any stroke diagnosis, ethnicity (African-American and white), and region, the ethnic and regional differences persisted. The substantially higher gastrostomy placement rate among older hospitalized African Americans in the United States appears to be independent of geographical variation.

Sleep environment and the risk of sudden infant death syndrome in an urban population: the Chicago Infant Mortality Study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) with the goal of reducing SIDS mortality among blacks, which continues to affect this group at twice the rate of whites. METHODS: We analyzed data from a population-based case-control study of 260 SIDS deaths that occurred in Chicago between 1993 and 1996 and an equal number of matched living controls to determine the association between SIDS and factors in the sleep environment and other variables related to infant care. RESULTS: The racial/ethnic composition of the study groups was 75.0% black; 13.1% Hispanic white; and 11.9% non-Hispanic white. Several factors related to the sleep environment during last sleep were associated with higher risk of SIDS: placement in the prone position (unadjusted odds ratio [OR]: 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.7-3.4), soft surface (OR: 5.1; 95% CI: 3.1-8.3), pillow use (OR: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.5-4.2), face and/or head covered with bedding (OR: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.3-4.6), bed sharing overall (OR: 2.7; 95% CI: 1.8-4.2), bed sharing with parent(s) alone (OR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.2-3.1), and bed sharing in other combinations (OR: 5.4; 95% CI: 2.8-10.2). Pacifier use was associated with decreased risk (unadjusted OR: 0.3; 95% CI: 0.2-0.5), as was breastfeeding either ever (OR: 0.2; 95% CI: 0.1-0.3) or currently (OR: 0.2; 95% CI: 0.1-0.4). In a multivariate model, several factors remained significant: prone sleep position, soft surface, pillow use, bed sharing other than with parent(s) alone, and not using a pacifier. CONCLUSIONS: To lower further the SIDS rate among black and other racial/ethnic groups, prone sleeping, the use of soft bedding and pillows, and some types of bed sharing should be reduced.

The contribution of prone sleeping position to the racial disparity in sudden infant death syndrome: the Chicago Infant Mortality Study.

BACKGROUND: Rates of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) are over twice as high among African Americans compared with Caucasians. Little is known, however, about the relationship between prone sleeping, other sleep environment factors, and the risk of SIDS in the United States and how differences in risk factors may account for disparities in mortality. OBJECTIVE: To assess the contribution of prone sleeping position and other potential risk factors to SIDS risk in a primarily high-risk, urban African American population. DESIGN, SETTING, AND POPULATION: Case-control study consisting of 260 infants ages birth to 1 year who died of SIDS between November 1993 and April 1996. The control group consists of an equal number of infants matched on race, age, and birth weight. Prospectively collected data from the death scene investigation and a follow-up home interview for case infants were compared with equivalent questions for living control participants to identify risk factors for SIDS. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Risk of SIDS related to prone sleeping position adjusting for potential confounding variables and other risk factors for SIDS, and comparisons by race-ethnicity. RESULTS: Three quarters of the SIDS infants were African American. There was more than a twofold increased risk of SIDS associated with being placed prone for last sleep compared with the nonprone positions (odds ratio [OR]: 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.6-3.7). This OR increased after adjusting for potential confounding variables and other sleep environment factors (OR: 4.0; 95% CI: 1.8-8.8). Differences were found for African Americans compared with others (OR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.2-2.6 and OR: 10.3, 95% CI: 10.3 [3.2-33.8, respectively]). The population attributable risk was 31%. Fewer case mothers (46%) than control mothers (64%) reported being advised about sleep position in the hospital after delivery. Of those advised, a similar proportion of case mothers as control mothers were incorrectly told or recalled being told to use the prone position, but prone was recommended in a higher proportion of black mothers (cases and controls combined) compared with nonblack mothers. CONCLUSIONS: Prone sleeping was found to be a significant risk factor for SIDS in this primarily African American urban sample, and approximately one third of the SIDS deaths could be attributed to this factor. Greater and more effective educational outreach must be extended to African American families and the health personnel serving them to reduce prone prevalence during sleep, which appears, in part, to contribute to the higher rates of SIDS among African American infants.