Ecosystem-based fisheries management forestalls climate-driven collapse.

Climate change is impacting fisheries worldwide with uncertain outcomes for food and nutritional security. Using management strategy evaluations for key US fisheries in the eastern Bering Sea we find that Ecosystem Based Fisheries Management (EBFM) measures forestall future declines under climate change over non-EBFM approaches. Yet, benefits are species-specific and decrease markedly after 2050. Under high-baseline carbon emission scenarios (RCP 8.5), end-of-century (2075-2100) pollock and Pacific cod fisheries collapse in >70% and >35% of all simulations, respectively. Our analysis suggests that 2.1-2.3 °C (modeled summer bottom temperature) is a tipping point of rapid decline in gadid biomass and catch. Multiyear stanzas above 2.1 °C become commonplace in projections from ~2030 onward, with higher agreement under RCP 8.5 than simulations with moderate carbon mitigation (i.e., RCP 4.5). We find that EBFM ameliorates climate change impacts on fisheries in the near-term, but long-term EBFM benefits are limited by the magnitude of anticipated change.

EXERCISE INTERVENTION FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH DYSFUNCTIONAL BREATHING: A MATCHED CONTROLLED TRIAL.

INTRODUCTION: Dysfunctional breathing (DB) is common (60-80%) in adults. Individuals with DB may have decreased pain thresholds, impaired motor control and balance, and movement dysfunction. These impairments likely adversely affect performance. Research has demonstrated that DB is multi-dimensional and includes biochemical, biomechanical, and psychophysiological categories. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to test the impact of breathing exercises in an otherwise healthy population of individuals diagnosed with at least one category of DB. It was hypothesized that the exercise program would normalize at least one category of DB. METHODS: An experimental group with DB was recruited, then the control group was matched for gender, age, BMI and activity. Baseline breathing metrics were obtained for each category of breathing dysfunction: capnography for biochemical (ETCO2 of < 35mmHg at rest = DB), HI-LO for biomechanical (upper chest or paradoxical patterns = DB), and Self-Evaluation of Breathing Questionnaire (SEBQ ≥ 25 = DB) and Nijmegen Questionnaire ( ≥ 22 = DB) for psychophysiological. The experimental group performed a four-week progression of home breathing exercises, once daily and the control group continued normal activities (no interventions). Re-testing of all outcome measures was performed after four weeks. RESULTS: Thirty-five individuals comprised the participant sample (16 experimental, 19 control, mean age 26.0 years, mean BMI of 24.3). There were no statistically significant differences between groups at baseline. Eighty-one percent of subjects in the experimental group improved in at least one category compared to 21% of subjects in the control group. Seventy-eight percent of subjects with biomechanical category of DB in the experimental group normalized this dysfunction, while none normalized in the control group, which was statistically significantly different. Twenty-seven percent of subjects with biochemical DB in the experimental group normalized, while only 25% in the control group which was not statistically different. There were only two subjects in each group with the psychophysiological category, therefore no analysis was performed. CONCLUSION: Home exercises were effective in reversing the biomechanical category of DB in 78% of young, otherwise healthy adults versus no exercise. However, the exercises did not affect the biochemical category of DB. Performing a set of home exercises may be an effective option for fitness and rehabilitation providers to suggest for clients to normalize biomechanical breathing dysfunction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2b.

Exposure history determines pteropod vulnerability to ocean acidification along the US West Coast.

The pteropod Limacina helicina frequently experiences seasonal exposure to corrosive conditions (Ωar < 1) along the US West Coast and is recognized as one of the species most susceptible to ocean acidification (OA). Yet, little is known about their capacity to acclimatize to such conditions. We collected pteropods in the California Current Ecosystem (CCE) that differed in the severity of exposure to Ωar conditions in the natural environment. Combining field observations, high-CO2 perturbation experiment results, and retrospective ocean transport simulations, we investigated biological responses based on histories of magnitude and duration of exposure to Ωar < 1. Our results suggest that both exposure magnitude and duration affect pteropod responses in the natural environment. However, observed declines in calcification performance and survival probability under high CO2 experimental conditions do not show acclimatization capacity or physiological tolerance related to history of exposure to corrosive conditions. Pteropods from the coastal CCE appear to be at or near the limit of their physiological capacity, and consequently, are already at extinction risk under projected acceleration of OA over the next 30 years. Our results demonstrate that Ωar exposure history largely determines pteropod response to experimental conditions and is essential to the interpretation of biological observations and experimental results.