Prevalence of Anti- Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Antibodies (ASCA) in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). A Case-control Study.

BACKGROUND: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a disorder of gut-brain interaction that affects patients' quality. Recent research has shown variations in the mycobiome of individuals with IBS, particularly involving Saccharomyces cerevisiae , and its association with dysbiosis and visceral hypersensitivity. However, the role of Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) in IBS remains unclear, despite their significance as markers of disease severity in inflammatory bowel disease. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the role of ASCA in Mexican IBS patients compared with healthy controls (HCs) and determine whether these antibodies could help differentiate between IBS patients and healthy individuals. METHODS: Serum samples from 400 IBS patients and 400 HC were analyzed. ASCA IgG levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The IBS patients were further categorized into subtypes: constipation predominant (IBS-C), diarrhea predominant (IBS-D), and mixed (IBS-M). RESULTS: Among the participants, 66 IBS patients (16.5%) and 63 HC (15.75%) tested positive for ASCA IgG. No significant difference was observed in ASCA IgG levels between the 2 groups ( P value: 0.8451). The prevalence of ASCA IgG positivity was 14.5% in IBS-C, 17.8% in IBS-D, and 15.9% in IBS-M. CONCLUSION: Surprisingly, a high prevalence of ASCA IgG was found in the HC group in Mexico. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in ASCA IgG levels between IBS patients and controls. These findings suggest that ASCA is not useful as a discriminatory biomarker for distinguishing IBS patients from healthy individuals and cannot serve as a surrogate marker for visceral hypersensitivity.

Recovery of plastic waste through its thermochemical degradation: a review.

The demand to produce plastic has increased yearly; only in 2020, there was a production of approximately 368 million tons worldwide. According to Plastics Europe, from 2016 to 2018, a total of 29.1 Mt of plastic waste was generated, and 24% of this ended up in a landfill, generating problems due to accumulation. The increase in the demand for plastics has begun to contribute to the shortage of oil sources, a non-renewable resource. On the other hand, various researchers have reported effects on human health such as neurological damage, cancer in the nasal cavities, prostate, and ovarian cancer, and in animal species, destruction of the digestive and respiratory tracts due to the consumption of microplastics in food. Due to these reasons, various solutions have been proposed for recovering and recycling plastic waste. One of the most promising technologies is thermal and catalytic degradation, known as pyrolysis. This technology allows the recovery of chemical compounds of high energy value. In this work, the various environmental and social impacts caused by plastic are discussed. Worldwide consumption data is provided by sector and type of plastic, and the different routes of thermal degradation for each type of thermoplastic are shown.

Contribution of MicroRNAs in the Development of Irritable Bowel Syndrome Symptoms.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder defined by disturbances in bowel habits and abdominal pain, in the absence of known organic pathology that affects between 5 to 10% of healthy populations. Despite improvements in detection and treatment, the pathogenesis of IBS has not been clarified. Several microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the pathogenesis of IBS through increased intestinal permeability, inflammation, and modulation of visceral hyperalgesia, and they may have the potential to be used as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Here, we have summarized the recent advances about the role of miRNAs in the development of IBS symptoms and the possibility to use them as therapeutic targets to mitigate symptoms in IBS.

Severity of Fatigue and Its Relationship with TSH before and after Levothyroxine Replacement Therapy in Patients with Primary Hypothyroidism.

BACKGROUND: Fatigue is a common symptom in hypothyroidism; however, the effect of levothyroxine on fatigue has been little studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of levothyroxine on fatigue in Latino patients with primary hypothyroidism, as well as the association of TSH and free T4 (FT4) with the severity and persistence of fatigue. METHODS: A prospective study was performed in 92 patients with primary hypothyroidism. Fatigue severity scale (FSS) scores and clinical and biochemical characteristics before and at 6 months of levothyroxine were evaluated. RESULTS: After 6 months of levothyroxine, a reduction in FSS (53 (47-57) vs. 36 (16-38); p = 0.001) and fatigue frequency (45.7% vs. 26.1%; p = 0.008) was evident. Both before and after 6 months of levothyroxine, there was a positive correlation of the FSS score with TSH and a negative correlation with FT4. Persistent fatigue was associated with a pretreatment FSS score (r = 0.75; p = 0.001) and diabetes (r = 0.40; p = 0.001). An FSS > 34 (RR 3.9 (95% CI 1.43-10.73; p = 0.008)), an FSS > 36 (RR 3.23 (95% CI 1.21-8.6; p = 0.019)), and diabetes (RR 5.7 (95% CI 1.25-9.6; p = 0.024)) before treatment were risk factors for persistent fatigue. CONCLUSIONS: Levothyroxine improved fatigue in most patients. Diabetes and an FSS score >34 or >36 before treatment were risk factors for persistent fatigue.

Obesity Contributes to Inflammation in Patients with IBS via Complement Component 3 and C-Reactive Protein.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is usually a lifelong state that disturbs the digestive system. IBS has been linked to low-grade inflammation and the release of inflammatory mediators into the bloodstream. This could be associated with the degree of obesity presented by patients with IBS. Reports imply that IBS is more frequent in obese patients than in the overall population, with a prevalence of up to 31%. Here, we evaluated the serum levels of immunological and inflammation molecules and their correlation with Body Mass Index in IBS patients and the healthy control (HC). Seventy-nine serum samples of the IBS patients and thirty-five of the HC group were analyzed to determine the levels of each molecule and compare them with their BMI. Serum levels of C3 and C4 were significantly increased in IBS patients. C3 and C4 levels were higher in IBS-M and IBS-D subtypes compared with the HC group. When patients were grouped by BMI, a positive correlation between serum C3 (r = 0.49, p < 0.0001) and CRP (r = 0.40, p < 0.001) levels was found. Our results show, for the first time, a correlation between immunological molecules and BMI in IBS patients, suggesting that the inflammatory nature of obesity could contribute to the development of the symptoms in IBS through the stimulation and release of proteins as complement components and CRP.

Development of a New Murine Model of Type 2 Autoimmune Hepatitis Using a Human Liver Protein.

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the liver characterized by parenchymal destruction, hypergammaglobulinemia, specific autoantibody production, and hepatic fibrosis and necrosis. Murine models of AIH have been described; however, little is known about the immunologic mechanisms of tissue destruction. In this study, a new murine model of type 2 AIH was developed using recombinant human cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). BALB/c mice were immunized with 2 µg/mL i.p. of CYP2D6 in CFA. The control group received CFA or phosphate-buffered saline alone. Alanine aminotransferase activity, autoantibody production, IgG concentrations, histologic damage, and specific T-cell response were evaluated. Persistent AIH, characterized by cellular infiltration, hepatic fibrosis, elevated alanine aminotransferase, and the production of anti-liver kidney microsomal antibody type 1 developed in CFA/CYP2D6-immunized mice. These mice presented high levels of IgG and its subclasses IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b against liver self-proteins. Interestingly, IL-2+ and interferon γ-positive Cyp2d6-specific T cells were present in greater concentrations in mice immunized with CFA/CYP2D6 compared with control. Immunization with CFA, in combination with a natural human autoantigen like CYP2D6, was demonstrated to break tolerance, resulting in a chronic form of autoimmune-related liver damage. This murine model of type 2 AIH is expected to be instrumental in understanding the immunologic mechanisms of the pathogenesis of this autoimmune liver disease.

Electro-steric opening of the CLC-2 chloride channel gate.

The widely expressed two-pore homodimeric inward rectifier CLC-2 chloride channel regulates transepithelial chloride transport, extracellular chloride homeostasis, and neuronal excitability. Each pore is independently gated at hyperpolarized voltages by a conserved pore glutamate. Presumably, exiting chloride ions push glutamate outwardly while external protonation stabilizes it. To understand the mechanism of mouse CLC-2 opening we used homology modelling-guided structure-function analysis. Structural modelling suggests that glutamate E213 interacts with tyrosine Y561 to close a pore. Accordingly, Y561A and E213D mutants are activated at less hyperpolarized voltages, re-opened at depolarized voltages, and fast and common gating components are reduced. The double mutant cycle analysis showed that E213 and Y561 are energetically coupled to alter CLC-2 gating. In agreement, the anomalous mole fraction behaviour of the voltage dependence, measured by the voltage to induce half-open probability, was strongly altered in these mutants. Finally, cytosolic acidification or high extracellular chloride concentration, conditions that have little or no effect on WT CLC-2, induced reopening of Y561 mutants at positive voltages presumably by the inward opening of E213. We concluded that the CLC-2 gate is formed by Y561-E213 and that outward permeant anions open the gate by electrostatic and steric interactions.

Characterization of the IL-17 and CD4+ Th17 Cells in the Clinical Course of Dengue Virus Infections.

The aims of this study were to determine the involvement of interleukin 17 (IL-17) and IL-17-producing cells in dengue pathogenesis. Blood samples from dengue virus (DENV)-infected patients were collected on different days after the onset of symptoms. Patients were classified according to 1997 World Health Organization guidelines. Our study examined 152 blood samples from dengue fever (DF, n = 109) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF, n = 43) patients and 90 blood samples from healthy controls (HC). High serum concentrations of IL-17A and IL-22 were also associated with DHF (IL-17A [DHF vs. DF, p < 0.01; DHF vs. HC, p < 0.0001]; IL-22 [DHF vs. DF, p < 0.05; DHF vs. HC, p < 0.0001]). Moreover, there was a positive correlation between serum levels of IL-17A and IL-23, a key cytokine that promotes IL-17-based immune responses (r = 0.4089, p < 0.0001). Consistent with the IL-17-biased immune response in DHF patients, we performed ex vivo activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from DHF patients and flow cytometry analysis showed a robust IL-17-biased immune response, characterized by a high frequency of CD4+IL-17+ producing cells. Our results suggests IL-17-producing cells and their related cytokines can play a prominent role in this viral disease.

Mechanical, physical and microstructural properties of acetylated starch-based biocomposites reinforced with acetylated sugarcane fiber.

Fiber-reinforced starch-based biocomposites provide an environmentally friendly alternative to replace petroleum-based plastics. Nevertheless, these materials present structural stability problems owing to their hydrophilicity. Therefore, a chemical modification is usually necessary. Hence, the aim of this research is to obtain biocomposites based on acetylated corn starch (AS), acetylated sugarcane fiber (AcSF) and glycerol. Also, to assess the AcSF content (FC, 0.0-20.0%) and glycerol content (GC, 20.0-30.0%) on their physical, mechanical and microstructural properties. A single-screw extruder and central composite rotatable design were employed. Due to acetylation and possible interaction between matrix-fiber, there was an improvement in water resistance; while the mechanical properties were enhanced by increasing FC up to 12.0%. Biodegradability recorded a range of 24.2-39.3%. Microstructural analysis evidenced the extrusion process effect, chemical modification and new interactions formation. It was found that an optimum blend was of FC = 12.0% and GC = 24.0%. The acetylation of both sugarcane fiber and corn starch allowed us to obtain eco-friendly materials with good mechanical properties and water resistance.

Analysis by UPLC-DAD-ESI-MS of Phenolic Compounds and HPLC-DAD-Based Determination of Carotenoids in Noni ( Morinda citrifolia L.) Bagasse.

Noni bagasse is usually wasted after the noni juice extraction process. The purpose of this study was to investigate the phytochemical composition of noni bagasse (with and without seeds) obtained after a 1 week period of a short-term juice drip-extraction process from over-ripe noni fruit. Totals of free phenolics, flavonoids, condensed tannins, carotenoids, and most of the minerals were higher in bagasse without seeds (NSB) than in bagasse with seeds (WSB), whereas bound phenolics and total and insoluble dietary fiber were higher in WSB than in NSB. ß-Carotene and lutein, quantified by HPLC-DAD, were higher in both bagasse than in juice. A total of 16 phenolic compounds and 2 iridoids were determined by UPLC-DAD-ESI-MS. Among them, procyanidin B-type dimer, caffeoylquinic-acid-hexoside, and quercetin-hexose-deoxyhexose have not been previously reported in noni bagasse, noni juice, or noni fruit. Isorhamnetin-3- O-rutinoside was the most abundant compound in both bagasses. In conclusion, both bagasses are potential sources of phytochemical compounds for the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Emission factors of atmospheric and climatic pollutants from crop residues burning.

Biomass burning is a common agricultural practice, because it allows elimination of postharvesting residues; nevertheless, it involves an inefficient combustion process that generates atmospheric pollutants emission, which has implications on health and climate change. This work focuses on the estimation of emission factors (EFs) of PM2.5, PM10, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) of residues from burning alfalfa, barley, beans, cotton, maize, rice, sorghum, and wheat in Mexico. Chemical characteristics of the residues were determined to establish their relationship with EFs, as well as with the modified combustion efficiency (MCE). Essays were carried out in an open combustion chamber with isokinetic sampling, following modified EPA 201-A method. EFs did not present statistical differences among different varieties of the same crop, but were statistically different among different crops, showing that generic values of EFs for all the agricultural residues can introduce significant uncertainties when used for climatic and atmospheric pollutant inventories. EFs of PM2.5 ranged from 1.19 to 11.30 g kg-1, and of PM10 from 1.77 to 21.56 g kg-1. EFs of EC correlated with lignin content, whereas EFs of OC correlated inversely with carbon content. EFs of EC and OC in PM2.5 ranged from 0.15 to 0.41 g kg-1 and from 0.33 to 5.29 g kg-1, respectively, and in PM10, from 0.17 to 0.43 g kg-1 and from 0.54 to 11.06 g kg-1. CO2 represented the largest gaseous emissions volume with 1053.35-1850.82 g kg-1, whereas the lowest was CH4 with 1.61-5.59 g kg-1. CO ranged from 28.85 to 155.71 g kg-1, correlating inversely with carbon content and MCE. EFs were used to calculate emissions from eight agricultural residues burning in the country during 2016, to know the potential mitigation of climatic and atmospheric pollutants, provided this practice was banned. IMPLICATIONS: The emission factors of particles, short-lived climatic pollutants, and atmospheric pollutants from the crop residues burning of eight agricultural wastes crops, determined in this study using a standardized method, provides better knowledge of the emissions of those species in Latin America and other developing countries, and can be used as inputs in air quality models and climatic studies. The EFs will allow the development of more accurate inventories of aerosols and gaseous pollutants, which will lead to the design of effective mitigation strategies and planning processes for sustainable agriculture.

Elevated circulating levels of IL-21 and IL-22 define a cytokine signature profile in type 2 autoimmune hepatitis patients.

UNLABELLED:  Background and aims. Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the liver in which the immunological mechanisms involved in tissue destruction and/or repair are still unclear. Different pro-inflammatory cytokines have been shown to play a determinant role in AIH pathogenesis. Here, we aim to compare the circulating levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-?, IL-17A/F, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, and IL-10 in patients with type 2 AIH compared to patients with type 1 AIH and healthy controls (HC). Fourty-six Mexican patients with AIH were recruited in our study. Patients were classified as type 1 or 2 AIH based on immune serological markers. Fourty-four serum samples from healthy individuals were included as controls. Serum cytokine levels were determined by ELISA technique. RESULTS: Compared to healthy controls, serum levels of IL-17F, IL-21, IL-23, IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-?, but not IL-17A and IL-22, were significantly increased in AIH patients. When patients were grouped by aminotransferase activity, a biomarker of active disease, a positive correlation between serum IL-17F and alanine transaminase (rs: 0.4739; P = 0.0009) and aspartate transaminase (rs: 0.4984; P = 0.0004) levels was found. A cytokine signature profile associated with type 2 AIH was characterized by high serum IL-21 (type 1 AIH: 0.66 pg/mL; type 2 AIH: 331.1 pg/mL; P = 0.0042) and IL-22 (type 1 AIH: 0.1 pg/mL; type 2 AIH: 55.26 pg/mL; P = 0.0028) levels. CONCLUSIONS: We show for the first time, differential regulation of certain pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with disease progression and AIH type in Mexican patients.

Focus group discussions in community-based participatory research to inform the development of a human papillomavirus (HPV) educational intervention for Latinas in San Diego.

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the usefulness of formative focus groups as a community-based participatory research (CBPR) method in developing cancer education programs. Two focus groups were conducted according to CBPR principles, in order to develop a community-competent human papillomavirus (HPV)/cervical cancer educational program for Latinas living in the USA/Mexico border region. Focus group participants were 18 female Mexican American community health advisors. Participants reported that there is limited information and many myths about HPV and the vaccine in the Latino/Latina community, along with many barriers to acceptance of HPV/cervical cancer-related information. Furthermore, participants discussed their recommendations for the development of a culturally appropriate HPV educational program. From these data, we have a better understanding of the HPV/cervical cancer educational approach that will be most accepted in the community and what key information needs to be provided to women who participate in the program, which reinforces the importance of the CBPR approach to the formative phase of cancer education program development.

Aplicación de la Músico terapia en un grupo de niños con trastorno por déficit de atención con Hiperkinesia / Music therapy in a Group of Children Suffering from Loss of Attention and Hyperkinesia

Según la Federación Mundial de Musicoterapia: la musicoterapia es la utilización de la música y/o de sus elementos (sonido, ritmo, melodía y armonía) por un músico- terapeuta calificado, con un paciente o grupo, en un proceso destinado a facilitar y promover comunicación, aprendizaje, movilización, expresión, organización u otros objetivos terapéuticos relevantes, a fin de asistir a las necesidades físicas, psíquicas, sociales y cognitivas. Nuestro objetivo es Desarrollar la comprensión, habilidad de concentrarse y el comportamiento social en un grupo de niños de 8 a 11 años de edad con trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperquinesia. Se decide aplicar el abordaje plurimodal como método de investigación en musicoterapia el cual es utilizado por la autoras del este estudio. Se trabajo durante 6 meses en un grupo de pacientes con TDAH que ya había sido tratado en sesiones de psicoterapia sin mejoría de los sintomas. Los datos fueron reflejados en un estudio cualitativo de corte transversal, las variables utilizadas son edad, sexo, atencion, comportamiento, relaciones sociales y rendimiento escolar. Obteniéndose como conclusiones de la aplicación un incremento de sus modos expresivos receptivos. Generando nuevos modos de vinculación, promoviendo oportunidades para la interacción social apropiada, Aumentando los lapsos de atención, la autoestima y la oportunidad de ser exitosos(AU)

According to the Music therapy World Federation, many psychiatrist of the world consider that the use of music, sound, rhythm, melody or harmony towards an individual or a group of patients by a qualified professional may lead to promote better communication, learning, logical body movements, expressions, organizations and many other relevant therapeutic goals and assist the psycho social, cognitive and physical needs in patients as well.Our main objective is to develop comprehension, concentration and social behaviour in a group of 8 to 11 year-old children suffering from loss of attention derived from Hyperkinesia. A plurimodal boarding method based on music therapy is applied by the authors of this work during 6 months in a group of patients who had been unsuccessfully treated with several psychotherapy techniques. All data have been compiled taking into account age, sex, attention, behaviour, social relationship and academic achievements. Results, an increasing development of expression and reception which results in an appropriate psycho social interaction, better selfsteem and asuccesful group of opportunities(AU)

Characteristics of ectopic parathyroid glands in 145 cases of primary hyperparathyroidism.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) arising from ectopic parathyroid glands, to analyze the clinical, biochemical, and anatomic characteristics of such cases, and to compare these characteristics with those found in PHPT associated with orthotopic parathyroid glands. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of cases of PHPT evaluated and treated at a referral center. Differences between patients with orthotopic and ectopic parathyroid glands were analyzed statistically. RESULTS: During a recent 5-year period at our institution, 145 cases of PHPT were treated operatively by 3 experienced surgeons. An ectopic parathyroid location was detected in 13 cases (9%). Of the 13 ectopic glands, 4 (31%) were at the tracheoesophageal groove, 4 (31%) were intrathymic, 2 (15%) were intrathyroidal, and 1 each was located in the aortopulmonary window, the anterior (nonthymic) mediastinum, and the submaxillary region. Patients with PHPT attributable to ectopic adenomas had significantly higher serum calcium levels (12.6 ± 0.9 mg/dL versus 11.4 ± 1.2 mg/dL; P = .05) and larger tumors (25 ± 6.1 mm versus 19 ± 7.6 mm; P = .05) than did patients with orthotopic parathyroid glands. Moreover, hyperparathyroidism- related bone disease was significantly more frequent in patients with abnormal ectopic parathyroid glands than in those with orthotopic parathyroid glands (23% versus 1.5%, respectively; P = .04). CONCLUSION: In 9% of all cases of PHPT in our study, the condition was associated with ectopically located parathyroid glands. Such cases are usually characterized by larger parathyroid glands, higher serum calcium levels, and a higher frequency of severe bone disease.

[Resistance to non-beta-lactam antibiotics in the clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae of children in Latin America. SIREVA II, 2000-2005]. / Resistencia a antibióticos no betalactámicos de aislamientos invasores de Streptococcus pneumoniae en niños latinoamericanos. SIREVA II, 2000-2005.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the development of resistance to erythromycin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ), and vancomycin of the invasive isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae obtained from children in 10 Latin American/Caribbean countries during six years of surveillance. METHODS: Analysis of 8 993 isolates of S. pneumoniae recovered in 2000-2005 from children with invasive infections, who were less than 6 years of age, and from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, or Venezuela. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined through the methods established and standardized by the SIREVA project. Multidrug resistance was defined as: resistance to three or more antibiotics of the same class; to the non-beta-lactams analyzed by this study; or, to the beta-lactams evaluated by a previous study, in which 37.8% of these isolates showed decreased susceptibility to penicillin. RESULTS: Some degree of resistance was found to TMP-SMZ and erythromycin (56.4% and 15.4% of the isolates studied, respectively), with 4.6% highly resistant to chloramphenicol. All isolates were susceptible to vancomycin. The highest prevalence of TMP-SMZ resistance was observed in the pneumonia isolates; and that of erythromycin, in cases of sepsis (61.6% and 25.5%, respectively; P < 0.01). The highest prevalence of TMP-SMZ resistance was found in Brazil (71.9%), and that of erythromycin, in Mexico (38.2%) and Venezuela (32.9%). The 14, 6B, 19F, and 23F serotypes were most often associated with resistance to the antibiotics in the study. CONCLUSIONS: High and increasing rates of isolates resistant to TMP-SMZ and erythromycin were observed, as well as a decreasing percentage of isolates resistant to chloramphenicol. These trends highlight differences among the countries studied.

Métodos diagnósticos de los síndromes agudos e intervenciones de enfermería en medicina nuclear / Nursing participation in nuclear medicine

The Nuclear Cardiology is the Cardiology branch used with diagnosis proposes, it is based in the use of radiotracers which are administrated intravenous pathways to the patient, this kind of drug is traced over the body using a gammacamera to create functional images. Some of the radiotracers used are: Thallium 201, 99mTC MIBI and 99mTc - Tetrofosmin. According to each drug characterstics, there are specific protocols that help us obtaining useful and reliables images for ischemic patient evaluation and diagnosis. It is necessary to practice stress test to the patients who are going to be examined using radiotracers. Physical or pharmacological stress tests can be used to find ischemic regions of myocardium. Nuclear cardiology is a large branch that needs the active participation of several kinds of professionals, nurses are now integrated to give patients high quality care, with a special and professional attitude by solving all procedure questions.

[Nursing participation in nuclear medicine]. / Métodos diagnósticos de los síndromes agudos e intervenciones de enfermería en medicina nuclear.

The Nuclear Cardiology is the Cardiology branch used with diagnosis proposes, it is based in the use of radiotracers which are administrated intravenous pathways to the patient, this kind of drug is traced over the body using a gammacamera to create functional images. Some of the radiotracers used are: Thallium 201, 99mTC MIBI and 99mTc - Tetrofosmin. According to each drug characterstics, there are specific protocols that help us obtaining useful and reliables images for ischemic patient evaluation and diagnosis. It is necessary to practice stress test to the patients who are going to be examined using radiotracers. Physical or pharmacological stress tests can be used to find ischemic regions of myocardium. Nuclear cardiology is a large branch that needs the active participation of several kinds of professionals, nurses are now integrated to give patients high quality care, with a special and professional attitude by solving all procedure questions.