ABSTRACT
Bioactive compounds from medicinal plants have applications in the development of functional foods. However, since they are unstable, encapsulation is used as a conservation alternative. This work aimed to assess the bioactive properties (antioxidant and hypoglycemic) of different extracts, including the infusion, as well as their spray-dried microencapsulates from Tecoma stans leaves. A factorial design was proposed to determine the best extraction conditions, based on ABTS and DPPH inhibition. Maltodextrin (MD), arabic gum (AG), and a 1:1 blend (MD:AG) were used as encapsulating agents. Moreover, characterization through physicochemical properties, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the best two powders based on the bioactive properties were analyzed. The results showed that the combination of stirring, water, and 5 min provided the highest inhibition to ABTS and DPPH (35.64 ± 1.25 mg Trolox/g d.s. and 2.77 ± 0.01 g Trolox/g d.s., respectively). Spray drying decreased the antioxidant activity of the extract while preserving it in the infusion. The encapsulated infusion with MD:AG had the highest hypoglycemic activity as it presented the lowest glycemic index (GI = 47). According to the results, the microencapsulates could potentially be added in foods to enhance nutritional quality and prevent/treat ailments.
ABSTRACT
Clinopodium mexicanum (CM) has been used by the population as a home remedy for inducing sleep, and as a sedative and analgesic. This study presents the first evaluation of the antioxidant activity of the essential oil (EO) obtained through hydrodistillation of the aerial parts of CM. NaCl, CaCl2, and Tween 20 were used as additives and the yield, chemical composition, and toxicity of the EO were evaluated. The findings revealed that the highest yield of EO was obtained through hydrodistillation without additives, and the additives significantly influenced the antioxidant activity of the EO. The main components of the EO were found to be pulegone and menthone. The toxicity of the EO was determined using the brine shrimp assay, with an LD50 of 32 mg/L. Based on these results, the authors suggest that the Clinopodium mexicanum EO has the potential to serve as a natural antioxidant.
ABSTRACT
Maternal obesity (MO) causes maternal and fetal oxidative stress (OS) and metabolic dysfunction. We investigated whether supplementing obese mothers with resveratrol improves maternal metabolic alterations and reduces OS in the placenta and maternal and fetal liver. From weaning through pregnancy female Wistar rats ate chow (C) or a high-fat diet (MO). One month before mating until 19 days' gestation (dG), half the rats received 20 mg resveratrol/kg/d orally (Cres and MOres). At 19dG, maternal body weight, retroperitoneal fat adipocyte size, metabolic parameters, and OS biomarkers in the placenta and liver were determined. MO mothers showed higher body weight, triglycerides and leptin serum concentrations, insulin resistance (IR), decreased small and increased large adipocytes, liver fat accumulation, and hepatic upregulation of genes related to IR and inflammatory processes. Placenta, maternal and fetal liver OS biomarkers were augmented in MO. MOres mothers showed more small and fewer large adipocytes, lower triglycerides serum concentrations, IR and liver fat accumulation, downregulation of genes related to IR and inflammatory processes, and lowered OS in mothers, placentas, and female fetal liver. Maternal resveratrol supplementation in obese rats improves maternal metabolism and reduces placental and liver OS of mothers and fetuses in a sex-dependent manner.
ABSTRACT
Two sequential batch reactors (R1 and R2) of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) were inoculated with activated sludge of different origins. The objective was to investigate the granulation and the consistency between the structure of the microbial communities (16S rRNA amplicon sequencing) in each reactor and their metabolic performance (removal of C, N, and P). Both reactors were fed with acetate-based synthetic wastewater, targeting an anaerobic-aerobic cycle reputed to favor the phosphorus- and glycogen-accumulating organisms (PAO and GAO). Stable granulation was achieved in both reactors, where, instead of PAO, the dominant genera were ordinary heterotrophic organisms (OHO) such as Thauera, Paracoccus, and Flavobacterium known for their high capacity of aerobic storage of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). Generally, there was good consistency between the metabolic behavior of each reactor and the bacterial genera detected. Both reactors showed high removals of C and complete nitrification (Nitrosomonas and Nitrospira detected) but a low level of simultaneous nitrification-denitrification (SND) during the aerated phase. The latter causes that nitrates were recycled to the initial phase, in detriment of PAO selection. Meanwhile, the study showed that selecting slow-growing OHOs (with aerobic storage capacity) favors stable granulation, revealing an alternative AGS technology for C and N removal.
Subject(s)
Sewage , Waste Disposal, Fluid , Sewage/chemistry , Bioreactors/microbiology , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S , Phosphorus/metabolism , Bacteria/genetics , Bacteria/metabolism , Nitrogen/analysis , DenitrificationABSTRACT
Maternal obesity (MO) leads to offspring metabolic problems. The mechanisms involved are multifactorial. The small intestine plays an important role in the absorption of nutrients and is modified as we age. Few studies have explored MO programming effects on offspring (F1) small intestine morphology. The aim of this study was to investigate MO effects on old adult F1 intestinal morphology, and whether any F1 intestinal changes due to MO were modified by maternal resveratrol supplementation. From weaning throughout pregnancy and lactation, female Wistar rats (F0) ate standard chow (controls, C: 5%-fat) or high-fat diet (MO: 25%-fat). One month before mating at postnatal day (PND) 120 through lactation half of each group received 20 mg/kg/day of resveratrol orally (Cres or MOres). After weaning F1 were fed with chow diet until the end of the study at PND 650. Body weight, percent of fat, glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride serum concentrations were determined. F1 small intestinal samples were collected for histological analysis. Male F1 body weight was higher in MO and MOres compared with C and Cres. Female F1 body weight and percent of fat was higher in MO than C and MOres. Triglyceride concentrations were higher in MO and MOres male F1 compared with C and Cres. There were no differences among groups in female triglyceride concentrations. Male F1 duodenal villus height was smaller in MO compared with MOres. Female F1 duodenal and jejunal crypt depth was smaller in MO compared with C and was greater compared with MOres. Female F1 villus height in jejunum was greater in MO compared with MOres. In conclusion, exposure to the developmental challenge of MO changed the aged F1 intestinal morphological and metabolic profiles. Maternal resveratrol supplementation ameliorated these effects in an F1 sex dependent manner.
Subject(s)
Obesity, Maternal , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects , Animals , Diet, High-Fat , Dietary Supplements , Female , Humans , Male , Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Pregnancy , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Resveratrol/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Diabetes mellitus is a highly prevalent disease in the world and in Mexico. Due to its chronic evolution it causes multiple sequelae, disability and mortality. An adequate control of diabetic patients based on reaching glycemic targets, maintenance of healthy weight, as well as lipid and blood pressure control is essential to reduce the risk of progression of its complications. Lifestyle changes are also key for preventing and treating the disease. Knowledge of the relationship and mechanism involved between diabetes and alterations in nutrient metabolism should be considered to provide an adequate nutritional program. This article aims to bring healthcare professionals the concepts and strategies, proposed by several scientific societies, about nutritional management of adult patients with diabetes mellitus.
La diabetes mellitus es una enfermedad altamente prevalente en el mundo y en México. Debido a su evolución crónica, es también causa de múltiples secuelas, discapacidad y mortalidad. Un adecuado control del paciente diabético que se logre a partir de metas de glucemia, mantenimiento de peso sano, así como control de lípidos y presión arterial es indispensable a fin de disminuir el riesgo de progresión de las complicaciones de la diabetes mellitus. Los cambios en el estilo de vida son clave en la prevención y el tratamiento de la enfermedad. El conocimiento de la relación y el mecanismo involucrados entre la diabetes y las alteraciones en el metabolismo de los nutrientes debe ser considerado para brindar un programa nutricional adecuado. Este artículo pretende aproximar a los profesionales de la salud los conceptos y las estrategias nutricionales actuales, propuestos por diversas sociedades científicas, para el manejo nutricional de pacientes adultos con diabetes mellitus.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus , Life Style , Nutritional Status , Body Weight , Diabetes Mellitus/diet therapy , Humans , MexicoABSTRACT
Resumen En el contexto del debate de la universalidad de la expresión y reconocimiento de la expresión facial, se estudió cómo las personas perciben diferentes emociones en una misma expresión facial y el papel de la experiencia, dentro de diferentes culturas, en este proceso. Se utilizaron doce expresiones faciales obtenidas del Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy-Adult Faces (DANVA), administrando una tarea de reconocimiento emocional a 90 sujetos (mexicanos y españoles). Ante la expresión de ira, la muestra mexicana percibió en menor grado las emociones no predominantes, respecto a la muestra española. Se discuten los resultados dentro de las teorías neodarwinianas de la emoción, entendiendo que podría derivarse del sesgo generado por la mayor experiencia negativa que la población mexicana tiene.
Abstract In the context of the debate on the universality of expression and recognition of facial expression, we studied how people perceive different emotions in the same facial expression and the role of experience, within different cultures, in this process. Twelve facial expressions obtained from the Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy-Adult Faces (DANVA) were used, administering an emotional recognition task to 90 subjects (Mexican and Spanish).Faced with the expression of anger, the Mexican sample perceived to a lesser extent non-predominant emotions, compared to the Spanish sample.The results are discussed within the Neo-Darwinian theories of emotion, understanding that it could be derived from the bias generated by the greater negative experience that the Mexican population has.
Subject(s)
Expressed Emotion , Facial Expression , Anger/classificationABSTRACT
Extracts from fresh and dried samples of Mexican pepperleaf (Piper auritum Kunth) and "papalo" (Porophyllum ruderale) were obtained using a stirring or an ultrasound extraction system with five types of solvents (water, 50:50% v/v ethanol:water, 70:30% v/v ethanol:water, 85:15% v/v ethanol:1.5N HCl, and ethanol). Total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were evaluated with the phenol Folin Ciocalteu reagent and the ABTS method, respectively. Total phenolic compounds (PC), trolox (T), and ascorbic acid (AA), in the two herbs, were in the range of 6.79-68.03mg of galic acid (GA)/g dry solids (d.s.), 4.88-64.99mg of T/gd.s., and 5.31-49.84mgAA/gd.s., respectively. Extracts from fresh "papalo", using ultrasound as the extraction system, had the highest amount of total phenolic compounds. The fresh pepperleaf extract, obtained using ultrasound as the extraction method contained the highest amount of antioxidant activity.
Subject(s)
Asteraceae/chemistry , Phenols/chemistry , Piper/chemistry , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Phenols/isolation & purification , Plant Extracts/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
Obesity is a medical condition that affects millions of people around the world whose neurochemical, cognitive and environmental/social factors should be treated together for its better understanding. This review aims to analyse the latest research in order to understand the etiology and development of obesity with a focus on the most important aspects for treatment that extend beyond diet and exercise such as: a) the physiological mechanisms underlying energy homeostasis, b) cognitive deficits in executive functions, memory, attention and learning; c) emotional processing and stress d) environmental/social factors and e) body perception of obese individuals. It is necessary to integrate all these factors together with improvements in differential diagnosis and the clarification of role played by genetic and environmental factors in its etiology.
La obesidad es una condición clínica que afecta a millones de personas en todo el mundo y cuyos componentes neuroquímicos, cognitivos y ambientales/sociales deberían ser tratados de manera conjunta para su mejor comprensión. Esta revisión tiene por objetivo analizar las investigaciones más recientes, con el fin de comprender la etiología y desarrollo de la obesidad, centrando la atención en los aspectos más importantes para su tratamiento, y que van más allá del control de la dieta y el ejercicio físico, como son: a) los mecanismos fisiológicos que subyacen a la homeostasis energética; b) los déficit cognitivos en las funciones ejecutivas, la memoria, la atención y el aprendizaje; c) el procesamiento emocional y el estrés; d) los factores ambientales/sociales y, e) la percepción que la persona obesa tiene de su propio cuerpo. Resulta necesario integrar todos estos factores, junto a una mejora en el diagnóstico diferencial, y la clarificación del papel que juegan los factores genéticos y ambientales en su etiología.
ABSTRACT
Introducción: El lupus eritematoso sistémico complica aproximadamente uno de cada 1,000 embarazos de la población latinoamericana. De 10 a 25% de pacientes con enfermedad reumática sistémica acuden a los servicios de urgencias y requieren ser hospitalizados y un 30% de éstos requieren de cuidados intensivos. La incidencia de muerte en pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico en unidades de cuidados intensivos puede ser de hasta 79%. Objetivo: Describir el curso clínico y el pronóstico de mujeres embarazadas con diagnóstico de lupus eritematoso sistémico activo, que ingresaron a una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Material y métodos: Durante el periodo de enero 2005 a diciembre de 2009 se estudió a 23 pacientes embarazadas con diagnóstico de lupus eritematoso sistémico activo, atendidas en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, para describir su curso clínico y pronóstico. Resultados: Se utilizó estadística descriptiva a través de frecuencias y porcentajes y medidas de tendencia central, con los siguientes hallazgos: restricción de crecimiento intrauterino en nueve casos (39.1%), parto pretérmino en 18 pacientes (78.2%), preeclampsia severa en siete casos (30.4%) y muerte materna en cuatro (17.4%). Se encontraron diferencias significativas de medias, en las cifras de proteinuria y ácido úrico entre las pacientes con parto pretérmino, RCIU y muerte fetal y aquellas que no los presentaron. Conclusiones: El lupus eritematoso sistémico activo es un padecimiento que puede producir desenlaces perinatales adversos en forma importante, como lo es el parto pretérmino y la preeclampsia severa; por tal motivo, consideramos imperativo que la vigilancia y tratamiento de estas pacientes se lleve a cabo por un equipo interdisciplinario en el momento y sitio adecuados con la finalidad de disminuir estas complicaciones.
Introduction: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) complicates one of every 1,000 pregnancies in Latin American population, 10 to 25% of, patients with systemic rheumatic disease, require hospitalization while attend to emergency room, and 30% of these require intensive care treatment. The death incidence in SLE patients in intensive care units can be up to 79%. Objective: Describe the clinical course and prognosis of pregnant women who were diagnosed with active systemic lupus erythematosus (ASLE), admitted to an intensive care unit. Material and methods: Between January 2005 and December 2009 at the intensive care unit of the Instituto Nacional de Perinatología (INPer), 23 pregnant patients diagnosed and treated with ASLE, were studied to determine, the clinical course and prognosis. Results: High frequencies in intrauterine growth restriction (39%), preterm delivery (80%), fetal death (13%), severe preeclampsia (30.4%) and maternal death (17%) were seen. Also found significant differences in proteinuria, uric acid, IUGR and fetal death in those patients who had preterm birth and those who had not. Conclusions: Active systemic lupus erythematosus associated with pregnancy, has high frequency of adverse perinatal outcomes, like premature delivery and severe preeclampsia. So it has to be considered, that this type of patients must be controlled and treated in the appropriate facility by an interdisciplinary professional team, with the aim of consider diminishing those complications.
ABSTRACT
Los registros presentes en las hojas de enfermería; son el soporte de los cuidados que la enfermera brinda a cada uno de los pacientes que le son asignados en su jornada laboral, además de ser un elemento importante en la continuidad y toma de decisiones para la gestión del cuidado; por lo tanto deben cubrir ciertos requisitos que favorezcan la permanencia y seguridad del cuidado.
Subject(s)
Humans , Nursing Records , Total Quality Management , Indicators (Statistics)ABSTRACT
Se desarrolló un sistema automático de reconocimiento basado en contornos, el cual utiliza una red neuronal para la clasificación entre carcinoma intraductal tipo comedo y no comedo de la mama, dentro de una imágen histológica digitalizada. La arquitectura de la red utilizada fue del tipo perceptrón multicapa totalmente interconectada, entrenada con el algoritmo de retropropagación del error. Se analizan 11 casos de carcinoma intraductal tratados en el Instituto Oncol¢gico "Dr. MIguel Pérez Carreño" entre los años 1986 a 1994. Seis casos (54,6 por ciento) se clasificaron como tipo comedo y 5 casos (45,4 por ciento) como no comedo. El sistema puede constituir una herramienta de gran ayuda para el patólogo en la clasificación definitiva de un carcinoma intraductal
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Carcinoma/pathology , Mammography , Breast Neoplasms , Medical Oncology , VenezuelaABSTRACT
La actividad de la fosfatasa alcalina total del plasma [FAT] y de su isoenzima placentaria [FAT] fueron estudiadas al momento del parto en un grupos de gestantes, cuyos hijos tuvieron bajo peso al nacer y en un grupos de gestantes que sirvió como control. También se determinaron estas actividades en el recién nacido y en el tejido placentario. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las actividades de FAT Y FAP entre ambos gruposs, ni en el plasma materno ni en el de los niños recién nacidos. La actividad específica de la enzima en el tejido placentario si mostró diferencias significativas al comparar ambos grupos (p<0,05). Se discuten las implicaciones de estos hallazgos