ABSTRACT
Resumen:
Introducción: la vejez es la etapa de la vida que más mitos y estereotipos tiene asociados. Estas ideas suelen ser erróneas y asociadas a aspectos negativos como personas enfermizas, frágiles, improductivas, intransigentes o dependientes.
Objetivo: identificar y describir los estereotipos que los estudiantes de la disciplina de enfermería tienen hacia los adultos mayores.
Metodología: estudio descriptivo y transversal, con una muestra de 95 alumnos del último periodo de la Licenciatura en Enfermería; los estereotipos se midieron con el cuestionario CENVE con un coeficiente de alfa de Cronbach de 0.76 para esta población.
Resultados: en el análisis por dimensión se encontró mayor frecuencia de estereotipos negativos en la dimensión Salud (65.3%). El análisis de la escala global indica que el 50.5% de los estudiantes tenía estereotipos negativos.
Discusión: el porcentaje encontrado de estudiantes con estereotipos negativos es mayor al reportado en otros estudios.
Conclusiones: la mitad de los estudiantes de la Licenciatura en Enfermería tiene estereotipos negativos sobre la vejez.
Abstract:
Introduction: Old aging is the stage of life that most myths and stereotypes are associate with. These ideas are often erroneous and negative aspects associated with unhealthy fragile, unproductive, and intransigent or dependent people.
Objective: To identify and describe the stereotypes that students in the discipline of nursing have towards the elderly.
Methodology: Descriptive study, with a sample of 95 students in the last period of Nursing Bachelor, stereotypes were measured with the CENVE questionnaire with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.76 for this population.
Results: In the analysis, the most frequent negative stereotypes are in the dimension of Health (65.3%). The analysis of the global indicates that 50.5% of students had negative stereotypes. Discussion: The percentage found of students with negative stereotypes is greater than the reported in other studies.
Conclusions: Half of nursing students have negative stereotypes about old age.
Subject(s)
Aging , Stereotyping , Students, Nursing , Aged , Social Perception , Mexico , HumansABSTRACT
El peso corporal inadecuado y la depresión son factores que alteran la calidad de vida del adulto mayor. Objetivos: identificar asociación existente entre peso corporal y depresión en el adulto mayor. Material y Metodos: estudio descriptivo y correlacional, se realizó en una población urbano-marginal de Tamaulipas, México. Participaron 252 adultos mayores de 60 años y que tuvieran la capacidad física para mantenerse de pié al momento de medir el peso corporal y talla. El muestreo fue no probabilístico, por conveniencia. Para evaluar el peso corporal, se calculó Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) y para conocer el estado depresivo, se utilizó la Escala de Depresión Geriátrica en su versión completa (GDS-30) con una sensibilidad del 84% y especificidad del 95%. Procesamiento y análisis de datos en SPSS mediante correlación de Spearman. Resultados: bajo peso (1,6%), peso normal (61,5%), sobre peso (32,9%) y obesidad (4,0%). Sin depresión 40,1%, depresión leve 34,1% y depresión establecida 25,0%. Correlación entre peso corporal y depresión (rs = 0,246; p< 0,001). Discusión: la correlación encontrada es similar a lo reportado en otro estudio. Conclusiones: escasa asociación entre ambas variables; casi la mitad de los adultos mayores estudiados tenían un problema de malnutrición y más de la mitad depresión...
Improper body weight and depression are factors that affect the quality of life of the older people. Objectives: identify association between body weight and depression in the older people. Material and Methods: descriptive and correlational study was conducted in a marginal urban population from Tamaulipas, Mexico. Participants 252 adults aged 60 years and had the physical ability to keep standing when measuring body weight and height. The sampling was not probabilistic, convenience. To assess body weight, body mass index was calculated and for the depressive state, the Geriatric Depression Scale was used in its full version (GDS-30) with a sensitivity of 84% and specificity of 95%. Processing and data analysis in SPSS using Spearman correlation. Results: underweight (1.6%), normal weight (61.5%), overweight (32.9%) and obesity (4.0%). No depression 40.1%, 34.1% mild depression and 25.0% established depression. Correlation between body weight and depression (rs = 0.246, p< 0.001). Discussion: the correlation found is similar to that reported in another study. Conclusions: little association between the two variables. Almost half of older people surveyed had malnutrition problem and over half depression...
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Depression , Body Weight , Health of the Elderly , Poverty Areas , Body Mass Index , Epidemiology, Descriptive , MexicoABSTRACT
The immobilization of cells within alginate-poly-l-lysine-alginate (APA) microcapsules has been demonstrated to be an effective technology design for long term delivery of therapeutic products. Despite promising advances, biosafety aspects still remain to be improved. Here, we describe a complete characterization of the strategy based on TGL triple-fusion reporter gene--which codifies for Herpes Simplex virus type 1 thymidine-kinase (HSV1-TK), green fluorescent protein (GFP) and Firefly Luciferase--(SFG(NES)TGL) to inactivate encapsulated cells and their therapeutic effects. Myoblasts genetically engineered to secrete erythropoietin (EPO) were retroviraly transduced with the SFG(NES)TGL plasmid to further characterize their ganciclovir (GCV)-mediated inactivation process. GCV sensitivity of encapsulated cells was 100-fold lower when compared to cells plated onto 2D surfaces. However, the number of cells per capsule and EPO secretion decayed to less than 15% at the same time that proliferation was arrested after 14 days of GCV treatment in vitro. In vivo, ten days of GCV treatment was enough to restore the increased hematocrit levels of mice implanted with encapsulated TGL-expressing and EPO-secreting cells. Altogether, these results show that TGL triple-fusion reporter gene may be a good starting point in the search of a suitable biosafety strategy to inactivate encapsulated cells and control their therapeutic effects.
Subject(s)
Cell Survival/drug effects , Ganciclovir/therapeutic use , Green Fluorescent Proteins , Luciferases, Firefly , Myoblasts/drug effects , Myoblasts/physiology , Thymidine Kinase , Animals , Cell Line , Genes, Reporter , Herpesvirus 1, Human/enzymology , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Mice, Inbred C3H , Recombinant Fusion Proteins , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Cerebrovascular dysfunction contributes to cognitive decline and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), an angiogenic protein with important neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions, is under investigation as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. The aim of this study was to generate encapsulated VEGF-secreting cells and implant them in a transgenic mouse model of AD, the double mutant amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 (APP/Ps1) mice, which shows a disturbed vessel homeostasis. We report that, after implantation of VEGF microcapsules, brain Abeta burden, hyperphosphorylated-tau and cognitive impairment attenuated in APP/Ps1 mice. Based on the neurovascular hypothesis, our findings suggest a new potential therapeutic approach that could be developed for AD, to enhance Abeta clearance and neurovascular repair, and to protect the cognitive behavior. Stereologically-implanted encapsulated VEGF-secreting cells could offer an alternative strategy in the treatment of AD.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease , Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/metabolism , Behavior, Animal/physiology , Cell Transplantation/methods , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Alginates/chemistry , Alginates/metabolism , Alzheimer Disease/pathology , Alzheimer Disease/physiopathology , Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/genetics , Animals , Brain/blood supply , Brain/metabolism , Cell Line , Cells, Cultured , Drug Compounding , Female , Humans , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Transgenic , Middle Aged , Neovascularization, Physiologic , Polylysine/analogs & derivatives , Polylysine/chemistry , Polylysine/metabolism , Presenilin-1/genetics , Presenilin-1/metabolism , Rats , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
The objective was to explore obese adolescents perceptions about obesity among students in the seventh to ninth grade of a public school in Tamaulipas, Mexico. This is a qualitative study. Participants were 24 adolescents with a body mass index equal to or greater than the 95th percentile. Semistructured interviews were conducted until data saturation was reached and the meaning was understood. The adolescents defined obesity according to standards of measurement. They identified the hereditary factor as the main obesity cause, tended to underestimate obesity and had low self-esteem. They reported problems to do physical exercise and get clothes in order to improve their image, and feel rejected by their peers in school. It was identified that these adolescents have psychological defense mechanisms against obesity and that some of them are making efforts to lose weight. Obesity entails social and psychological health implications for persons suffering from this problem. Interventions should be put in practice.
Subject(s)
Obesity/psychology , Self Concept , Adolescent , Age Factors , Biomedical Research , Body Mass Index , Body Weight , Child , Clothing , Defense Mechanisms , Emotions , Exercise , Female , Humans , Interviews as Topic , Male , Mexico , Obesity/genetics , Peer Group , Perception , Time FactorsABSTRACT
The objective was to explore obese adolescents perceptions about obesity among students in the seventh to ninth grade of a public school in Tamaulipas, Mexico. This is a qualitative study. Participants were 24 adolescents with a body mass index equal to or greater than the 95th percentile. Semistructured interviews were conducted until data saturation was reached and the meaning was understood. The adolescents defined obesity according to standards of measurement. They identified the hereditary factor as the main obesity cause, tended to underestimate obesity and had low self-esteem. They reported problems to do physical exercise and get clothes in order to improve their image, and feel rejected by their peers in school. It was identified that these adolescents have psychological defense mechanisms against obesity and that some of them are making efforts to lose weight. Obesity entails social and psychological health implications for persons suffering from this problem. Interventions should be put in practice.
O objetivo foi explorar as percepções da obesidade de adolescentes obesos, estudantes do 7º ao 9º grau de uma instituição pública de Tamaulipas, México. É estudo qualitativo, do qual participaram 24 adolescentes que tinham índice de massa corporal superior ao percentil 95. Realizou-se entrevista semiestruturada até a saturação dos dados e comprensão do significado. Os adolescentes definiram obesidade de acordo com um padrão de medição, identificaram como causa principal o fator hereditário, com tendência para subestimar a obesidade e a ter baixa autoestima, apresentan problemas quando realizam atividade física e para conseguirem roupas para melhorar a própria imagen, são rejeitados pelos seus pares ou iguais, na escola. Identificou-se, também, que possuem mecanismos psicológicos de defesa ante a obesidade e alguns deles estão realizando ações para diminuir o peso. A obesidade tem implicações na saúde, no aspecto psicológico e social de quem a padece, recomenda-se, aqui, implementar intervenções.
El objetivo de esta investigación fue explorar las percepciones de la obesidad de adolescentes obesos estudiantes del 7º al 9º grado de una institución pública en Tamaulipas, México. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo en el cual participaron 24 adolescentes que tenían un índice de masa corporal superior al percentil 95. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas hasta obtener la saturación de los datos y la comprensión del significado. Los adolescentes definieron la obesidad de acuerdo a los estándares de medición, identificaron como causa principal el factor hereditario, tendieron a subestimar la obesidad y presentaron baja autoestima, relataron problemas cuando realizan actividad física y para conseguir ropa que pudiese mejorar su imagen, y se sienten rechazados por sus pares o iguales en la escuela. Se identificó que cuentan con mecanismos psicológicos de defensa ante la obesidad y algunos de ellos están realizando acciones para disminuir el peso. La obesidad tiene implicaciones en la salud, también en los aspectos psicológico y social de quienes la padecen. Se recomienda implementar intervenciones.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Obesity/psychology , Self Concept , Age Factors , Biomedical Research , Body Mass Index , Body Weight , Clothing , Defense Mechanisms , Emotions , Exercise , Interviews as Topic , Mexico , Obesity/genetics , Peer Group , Perception , Time FactorsABSTRACT
The pharmacokinetic properties of a drug can be significantly improved by the delivery process. Scientists have understood that developing suitable drug delivery systems that release the therapeutically active molecule at the level and dose it is needed and during the optimal time represents a major advance in the field. Cell microencapsulation is an alternative approach for the sustained delivery of therapeutic agents. This technology is based on the immobilization of different types of cells within a polymeric matrix surrounded by a semipermeable membrane for the long-term release of therapeutics. As a result, encapsulated cells are isolated from the host immune system while allowing exchange of nutrients and waste and release of the therapeutic agents. The versatility of this approach has stimulated its use in the treatment of numerous medical diseases including diabetes, cancer, central nervous system diseases and endocrinological disorders among others. The aim of this review article is to give an overview on the current state of the art of the use of cell encapsulation technology as a controlled drug delivery system. The most important advantages of this type of "living" drug release strategy are highlighted, but also its limitations pointed out, and the major challenges to be addressed in the forthcoming years are described.
