ABSTRACT
Resumen Introducción: Enterocolitis necrosante (ECN) representa una elevada mortalidad y morbilidad post-quirúrgica, gastrointestinal y del neuro-desarrollo. Existe limitada información en Chile. Objetivo: Describir el comportamiento clínico/epidemiológico de recién nacidos que cursaron con ECN. Pacientes y Métodos: Estudio multicéntrico descriptivo de pacientes con ECN de siete hospitales de Santiago, Chile, durante el 2016. Se realizó estadística descriptiva y análisis univariable/multivariable (software SPSS v22). Resultados: Se recolectaron 75 casos. Mediana de edad al diagnóstico fue 11 días, el promedio de edad gestacional 29 semanas y peso de nacimiento 1.285 g. La incidencia fue 2,6 por 1.000/recién nacidos vivos y letalidad de 18,6%, mayor en ≤ 750 g, ≤ 25 semanas y ECN quirúrgica. Hubo aislamiento microbiológico en 45,3% y se utilizaron 19 distintos esquemas antimicrobianos empíricos para el tratamiento de ECN. El análisis multivariable mostró tendencia a que la ECN fuese quirúrgica en usuarios de catéter umbilical arterial, PCR > 10 mg/L y aislamiento microbiológico, y hubo tendencia a fallecer en usuarios de catéter umbilical arterial. Discusión: Es el primer estudio multicéntrico que recopila información de datos locales. La incidencia fue similar a la descrita en la literatura médica, en cambio la letalidad fue algo menor. No existen consensos del tratamiento antimicrobiano a utilizar. Con estos resultados esperamos avanzar en mejorar el diagnóstico y unificar tratamientos antimicrobianos, para reducir cifras de morbimortalidad.
Abstract Background: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) presents high mortality and postoperative, gastrointestinal and neurodevelopmental morbidity. There is limited information about NEC in Chile. Aim: To describe the clinical/epidemiological behavior of newborns who underwent NEC. Methods: Multicenter descriptive study of patients with NEC from seven hospitals of Santiago, Chile, during 2016. Descriptive statistics and univariate/multivariate analysis were performed (SPSS v22 software). Results: 75 cases were collected. Median days of life at diagnosis was 11, gestational age was 29 weeks, birth weight 1,114 g. The incidence was 2.6 per 1,000 live newborns and mortality was 18.6%, higher in ≤ 750 g, ≤ 25 weeks and surgical NEC. There was 45.3% microbiological isolation and 19 different empirical antibiotic schemes were used for the treatment of NEC. The multivariate analysis showed a higher risk of surgery in umbilical arterial catheter users, CRP > 10 mg/L and positive microbiological isolation. The highest risk of death was in umbilical arterial catheter users. Discussion: This ie the first multicenter study that collects local data information. The incidence was similar to that found in medical reports but with a lower mortality. There is no consensus of antibiotic treatment to use. With these results we hope to advance in improving the diagnosis and unify antimicrobial treatments, to reduce morbidity and mortality figures.
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Enterocolitis, Necrotizing , Chile/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Gestational Age , Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/epidemiology , Hospitals, PublicABSTRACT
Resumen Los antimicrobianos son los medicamentos más utilizados en los neonatos durante su primer mes de vida cuando se encuentran en unidades neonatales, principalmente por el alto riesgo que presentan de adquirir infecciones graves como la sepsis. La mayoría de estos antimicrobianos se utilizan con dosis extrapoladas en base a las recomendaciones en población adulta y niños mayores, a pesar de que la fisiopatología en los recién nacidos es absolutamente diferente. Lo anterior lleva a un mayor riesgo a que ocurran más efectos adversos los que pueden conducir a una mayor toxicidad y a fallas terapéuticas, entre otros. En la última década se han realizado mayores estudios farmacocinéticos de antimicrobianos en neonatos; esta reciente evidencia ha permitido nuevas recomendaciones de dosificación considerando el peso y la edad gestacional del recién nacido, entre otras variables, de acuerdo al antimicrobiano estudiado. En base a una mayor evidencia sobre el comportamiento farmacocinético de los antimicrobianos en neonatos, se ha elaborado este documento para así facilitar y promover su correcto uso en las unidades neonatales.
Abstract Antibiotics are the most widely used medications in neonates during their first month of life in neonatal units, mainly due to the high risk they present of acquiring serious infections such as sepsis. Most of these antibiotics are used with extrapolated doses based on the suggestions in the adult population and older children, despite the fact that the pathophysiology in newborns is absolutely different. This leads to a higher risk of more adverse effects occurring, which can lead to greater toxicity and therapeutic failures, among others. In the last decade more and more pharmacokinetic studies of antibiotics have been carried out in neonates, this recent evidence has led to new dosage recommendations taking into account the weight and gestational age of the newborn, among other variables, in agreement to the antibiotic studied. Therefore, based on the need to order and summarize the most up-to-date and most evidence-based information on antibiotics in neonates, this document was prepared to facilitate and promote its correct use in neonatal units.
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Communicable Diseases , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Neonatology , Chile , Advisory CommitteesABSTRACT
Antibiotics are the most widely used medications in neonates during their first month of life in neonatal units, mainly due to the high risk they present of acquiring serious infections such as sepsis. Most of these antibiotics are used with extrapolated doses based on the suggestions in the adult population and older children, despite the fact that the pathophysiology in newborns is absolutely different. This leads to a higher risk of more adverse effects occurring, which can lead to greater toxicity and therapeutic failures, among others. In the last decade more and more pharmacokinetic studies of antibiotics have been carried out in neonates, this recent evidence has led to new dosage recommendations taking into account the weight and gestational age of the newborn, among other variables, in agreement to the antibiotic studied. Therefore, based on the need to order and summarize the most up-to-date and most evidence-based information on antibiotics in neonates, this document was prepared to facilitate and promote its correct use in neonatal units.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Communicable Diseases , Neonatology , Advisory Committees , Chile , Humans , Infant, NewbornABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) presents high mortality and postoperative, gastrointestinal and neurodevelopmental morbidity. There is limited information about NEC in Chile. AIM: To describe the clinical/epidemiological behavior of newborns who underwent NEC. METHODS: Multicenter descriptive study of patients with NEC from seven hospitals of Santiago, Chile, during 2016. Descriptive statistics and univariate/multivariate analysis were performed (SPSS v22 software). RESULTS: 75 cases were collected. Median days of life at diagnosis was 11, gestational age was 29 weeks, birth weight 1,114 g. The incidence was 2.6 per 1,000 live newborns and mortality was 18.6%, higher in ≤ 750 g, ≤ 25 weeks and surgical NEC. There was 45.3% microbiological isolation and 19 different empirical antibiotic schemes were used for the treatment of NEC. The multivariate analysis showed a higher risk of surgery in umbilical arterial catheter users, CRP > 10 mg/L and positive microbiological isolation. The highest risk of death was in umbilical arterial catheter users. DISCUSSION: This ie the first multicenter study that collects local data information. The incidence was similar to that found in medical reports but with a lower mortality. There is no consensus of antibiotic treatment to use. With these results we hope to advance in improving the diagnosis and unify antimicrobial treatments, to reduce morbidity and mortality figures.
Subject(s)
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing , Chile/epidemiology , Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/epidemiology , Gestational Age , Hospitals, Public , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Retrospective Studies , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Background: Shigella spp is a frequent cause of diarrhea in children. Antimicrobials decrease the duration of diarrhea and pathogen excretion. However, the increasing resistance limits their therapeutic value. Aim: To study Shigella serotype distribution in the Metropolitan Region in Chile, and its relationship with severity of disease, antimicrobial resistance pattern and clonality. Material and methods: During summer 2004-2005, stool samples from children with diarrhea were collected in Cary Blair transpon medium and cultured. Shigella isolates were serotyped using monoclonal and polyclonal commercial antibodies. In vitro activity of ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazol, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone and azythromycin was determined by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). Clonality was studied by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using Xbal as restriction enzyme. Results: One hundred thirty nine Shigella strains were isolated (77 S sonnei and 62 S flexneri). S sonnei and S flexneri 2a serotypes were responsible for 95 percent of episodes. Children aged 2-4 years, showed a greater incidence of Shigella infections and 77 percent of episodes were treated on an ambulatory basis. High resistance levels were observed for ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and chloramphenicol (67 percent, 60 percent, 56 percent and 45 percent, respectively). We found 11 resistance patterns and 61,2 percent of strains were multiresistant. There were multiple clones without a strict relationship with resistance patterns. Conclusions: Shigella infections in Metropolitan Region in Chile are associated to a restricted number of serotypes, representing a clonal expansion associated to different antimicrobial resistant patterns.
Subject(s)
Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Diarrhea/microbiology , Dysentery, Bacillary/microbiology , Shigella , Acute Disease , Chile/epidemiology , Diarrhea/diagnosis , Diarrhea/epidemiology , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics , Dysentery, Bacillary/diagnosis , Dysentery, Bacillary/epidemiology , Feces/microbiology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Seasons , Serotyping , Severity of Illness Index , Shigella/drug effects , Shigella/genetics , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Shigella spp is a frequent cause of diarrhea in children. Antimicrobials decrease the duration of diarrhea and pathogen excretion. However, the increasing resistance limits their therapeutic value. AIM: To study Shigella serotype distribution in the Metropolitan Region in Chile, and its relationship with severity of disease, antimicrobial resistance pattern and clonality. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During summer 2004-2005, stool samples from children with diarrhea were collected in Cary Blair transpon medium and cultured. Shigella isolates were serotyped using monoclonal and polyclonal commercial antibodies. In vitro activity of ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazol, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone and azythromycin was determined by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). Clonality was studied by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using Xbal as restriction enzyme. RESULTS: One hundred thirty nine Shigella strains were isolated (77 S sonnei and 62 S flexneri). S sonnei and S flexneri 2a serotypes were responsible for 95% of episodes. Children aged 2-4 years, showed a greater incidence of Shigella infections and 77% of episodes were treated on an ambulatory basis. High resistance levels were observed for ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and chloramphenicol (67%, 60%, 56% and 45%, respectively). We found 11 resistance patterns and 61,2% of strains were multiresistant. There were multiple clones without a strict relationship with resistance patterns. CONCLUSIONS: Shigella infections in Metropolitan Region in Chile are associated to a restricted number of serotypes, representing a clonal expansion associated to different antimicrobial resistant patterns.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Diarrhea/microbiology , Dysentery, Bacillary/microbiology , Shigella , Acute Disease , Child , Child, Preschool , Chile/epidemiology , Diarrhea/diagnosis , Diarrhea/epidemiology , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics , Dysentery, Bacillary/diagnosis , Dysentery, Bacillary/epidemiology , Feces/microbiology , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Seasons , Serotyping , Severity of Illness Index , Shigella/drug effects , Shigella/genetics , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
Objetivo: determinar la relación existente entre la colonización por especies de Candida en tracto gastrointestinal y orofaringe y el desarrollo de fungemia en pacientes oncológicos con neutropenia febril (NF). Diseño: estudio descriptivo. Lugar: Centro Hemato-oncológico Infantil U de Antioquia / Hospital Universitario San Vicente de Paúl Medellín (enero 99-noviembre 2000). Población: niños con cáncer y NF. Mediciones: hisopado orofaríngeo, materia fecal (MF) y orina los días 0, 7, 14, 21 y 28 de hospitalización para recuento de levaduras; hemocultivos día 0, y otros de acuerdo a la clínica. Se utilizó Sabouraud, CHROMagar Candida- R®,BACTEC (PEDS PLUS/ F® y Mycosis IC/F®) y MinitekTM®. Resultados: se estudiaron 60 episodiosde NF en 45 pacientes, entre 2 y 13 años, promedio días neutropenia 6,3; promedio hospitalización 13,6 días. Al ingreso 14/60 estaban colonizados en orofarínge y 28/60 en MF. Predominó C. albicans; C. tropicalis y C. parapsilosis aumentaron posteriormente; se encontró una tendencia al aumento de la colonización, no significativo, con los días de hospitalización. No se presentaron fungemias. Conclusiones: no se pudo relacionar los recuentos con diseminación, posiblemente por NF de corta duración. Las especies diferentes a C. albicans son importantes, se requieren estudios para determinar el origen intra o extrahospitalario y su sensibilidad
Subject(s)
Candida/classification , Neutropenia , Neutropenia/microbiology , Oropharynx/microbiology , Gastrointestinal Tract , Residence CharacteristicsABSTRACT
Durante el año 1993 se presentó un aumento de 3 veces el número promedio de casos de meningitis asépticas en el Hospital Roberto del Río. Se presentan las características clínicas de 50 niños mayores con meningitis aséptica, y se detallan las de 16 casos de ellos con diagnóstico comprobado de meningitis por enterovirus. El cuadro clínico fue benigno, no hubo complicaciones, muerte o secuelas al alta. Dentro de los hallazgos de laboratorio, se destaca el promedio de neutrófilos en el 30 por ciento de los casos en la punción lumbar de control,luego de 24 horas o más de evolución de la enfermedad.El echovirus 30 fue el enterovirus predominante. Se comparan los hallazgos con la literatura, y se comenta la utilidad de una segunda punción lumbar en casos como éstos
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Enterovirus Infections/physiopathology , Enterovirus/pathogenicity , Meningitis, Aseptic/physiopathology , Meningitis, Viral/physiopathology , Cerebrospinal Fluid/virologyABSTRACT
En el transcurso de 1993, un número inusualmente alto de solicitudes de diagnóstico de enterovirus por casos de meningitis aséptica, provenientes de la Región Metropolitana, se recibieron en el Laboratorio de Enterovirus del ISP. En ese período fueron analizadas 154 muestras de deposiciones y 145 líquidos cefalorraquídeos correspondientes a 237 pacientes, resultando un 26,6 por ciento de aislamientos de enterovirus. Echovirus 30 constituyó el 79,4 por ciento de estos aislamientos y fue por sí solo responsable del aumento de positividad registrada. En años anteriores este virus había sido detectado en nuestro país, sin embargo no se aisló a lo largo del año precedente. Los casos analizados tendieron a presentarse en escolares y a edades mayores que las usuales para este tipo de infecciones. El brote de meningitis aséptica descrito pareció iniciarse con anterioridad al de meningitis meningocóccica ocurrido ese mismo año, desconociéndose cualquier posible asociación entre ellos