Exploring ionic liquids based on pyrrolidinium and imidazolium cations with low toxicity towards Escherichia coli for designing sustainable bioprocesses.

Ionic liquids (ILs) are widely applied in many bioprocesses involving microorganisms due to their unique properties. In this work, the toxicity of imidazolium and pyrrolidinium ionic liquids towards E. coli., a bacterium for which there are limited toxicity data in the literature, was determined. For its simplicity, the nephelometry method was used to estimate ionic liquid toxicity values. The influence of the cation and the alkyl chain length of the cation and anion was analysed. Pyrrolidinium cations were seen to be less toxic than imidazolium cations, while an increase in the alkyl chain length of both pyrrolidinium and imidazolium cations increased the toxicity. Among the anions studied, dimethylphosphate ([Me2PO4]) was the less toxic, while the EC50 for the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylpyrrolidinium dimethylphosphate ([C1C4Pyr][Me2PO4]) was close to 200 mM. Furthermore, a dicationic ionic liquid based on imidazolium and pyrrolidinium cations was synthetized and its toxicity toward E. coli was analysed, maintaining a growth rate of 100 % in the range 0-0.76 mM. The methodology used in this work allows to easily find the less toxic ionic liquids that are biocompatible with E. coli to be used in new bioprocesses.

Mortalidad en pacientes con hemorragia intracerebral asociada a anticoagulación oral. Eficacia de un protocolo de reversión y seguimiento clínico (proyecto HIC-ACO) / Mortality in patients with intracerebral haemorrhage associated with oral anticoagulation. Efficacy of a reversal protocol and clinical follow-up (ICH-OAC project)

Introducción: La hemorragia intracerebral espontánea asociada a anticoagulantes orales (HIC-ACO) presenta una elevada mortalidad. La aparición de nuevos fármacos anticoagulantes y protocolos de reversión aumenta el interés por esta entidad. Objetivos: El objetivo principal es determinar la tasa de mortalidad en pacientes con HIC-ACO (precoz, hospitalaria, global) en nuestra área sanitaria y analizar las principales variables relacionadas. El objetivo secundario es determinar la eficacia de las terapias de reversión de la anticoagulación (TRA), reflejada por la expansión radiológica del hematoma y el pronóstico funcional. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio prospectivo observacional que introdujo un protocolo dirigido al manejo de pacientes con HIC-ACO. Incluyó medidas generales y neuromonitorización, administración individualizada de TRA, tomografía craneal y seguimiento durante seis meses. Se recogieron los fármacos prescritos en el área durante este período, mortalidad y pronóstico funcional. Se diseñó un estudio bivariante y regresión logística para investigar variables relacionadas con la mortalidad. Resultados: Se incluyó a 49 pacientes durante tres años; de ellos, un 71,4% recibió TRA. La mortalidad fue del 16,3% (primeras 24 horas), el 53,1% (ingreso) y el 61,2% (180 días). Se observó una menor supervivencia entre pacientes con puntuaciones basales mayores en la National Institutes of Healt Stroke Scale (NIHSS) (p < 0,0001), valor de creatinina (p = 0,02), índice internacional normalizado (p = 0,048), volumen hemorrágico (p = 0,008), hidrocefalia (p = 0,015) y toma de acenocumarol (p = 0,030). Los pacientes que no recibieron TRA tuvieron una mayor mortalidad precoz (p = 0,003). La única variable relacionada con la mortalidad global de forma independiente fue la puntuación en la NIHSS basal (odds ratio = 1,282; intervalo de confianza al 95%: 1,023-1,608; p = 0,031)...(AU)

Introduction: Spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage associated with oral anticoagulants (ICH-OAC) has a high mortality rate. The emergence of new anticoagulant drugs and reversal protocols increases interest in this entity. Objectives: The main objective is to determine the mortality rate in patients with ICH-OAC (early, in-hospital, global) in our health area and to analyse the main variables related to it. The secondary objective is to determine the efficacy of anticoagulation reversal therapies (ART) as reflected by radiological expansion of the haematoma and the functional prognosis. Patients and methods: A prospective observational study that introduced a protocol aimed at the management of patients with ICH-OAC. It included general measures and neuromonitoring, individualised administration of ART, cranial tomography and a six-month follow-up. Data on the drugs prescribed in the area during this period, mortality and functional prognosis were collected. A bivariate and logistic regression study was designed to investigate mortality-related variables. Results: Forty-nine patients were included over three years; of these, 71.4% received ART. Mortality was 16.3% (first 24 hours), 53.1% (admission) and 61.2% (180 days). Lower survival was observed among patients with higher baseline scores on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) (p < 0.0001), creatinine value (p = 0.02), International Normalised Index (p = 0.048), bleeding volume (p = 0.008), hydrocephalus (p = 0.015) and acenocoumarol intake (p = 0.030). Patients who did not receive ART had a greater rate of early mortality (p = 0.003). The only variable independently related to overall mortality was the baseline NIHSS score (odds ratio = 1.282; 95% confidence interval: 1.023-1.608; p = 0.031)...(AU)

[Mortality in patients with intracerebral haemorrhage associated with oral anticoagulation. Efficacy of a reversal protocol and clinical follow-up (ICH-OAC project)]. / Mortalidad en pacientes con hemorragia intracerebral asociada a anticoagulación oral. Eficacia de un protocolo de reversión y seguimiento clínico (proyecto HIC-ACO).

INTRODUCTION: Spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage associated with oral anticoagulants (ICH-OAC) has a high mortality rate. The emergence of new anticoagulant drugs and reversal protocols increases interest in this entity. OBJECTIVES: The main objective is to determine the mortality rate in patients with ICH-OAC (early, in-hospital, global) in our health area and to analyse the main variables related to it. The secondary objective is to determine the efficacy of anticoagulation reversal therapies (ART) as reflected by radiological expansion of the haematoma and the functional prognosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective observational study that introduced a protocol aimed at the management of patients with ICH-OAC. It included general measures and neuromonitoring, individualised administration of ART, cranial tomography and a six-month follow-up. Data on the drugs prescribed in the area during this period, mortality and functional prognosis were collected. A bivariate and logistic regression study was designed to investigate mortality-related variables. RESULTS: Forty-nine patients were included over three years; of these, 71.4% received ART. Mortality was 16.3% (first 24 hours), 53.1% (admission) and 61.2% (180 days). Lower survival was observed among patients with higher baseline scores on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) (p < 0.0001), creatinine value (p = 0.02), International Normalised Index (p = 0.048), bleeding volume (p = 0.008), hydrocephalus (p = 0.015) and acenocoumarol intake (p = 0.030). Patients who did not receive ART had a greater rate of early mortality (p = 0.003). The only variable independently related to overall mortality was the baseline NIHSS score (odds ratio = 1.282; 95% confidence interval: 1.023-1.608; p = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS: ICH-OAC has a high mortality rate, related to the use of acenocoumarol and regardless of the initial clinical situation. A lower rate of early mortality was found among patients who received ART.

TITLE: Mortalidad en pacientes con hemorragia intracerebral asociada a anticoagulación oral. Eficacia de un protocolo de reversión y seguimiento clínico (proyecto HIC-ACO).Introducción. La hemorragia intracerebral espontánea asociada a anticoagulantes orales (HIC-ACO) presenta una elevada mortalidad. La aparición de nuevos fármacos anticoagulantes y protocolos de reversión aumenta el interés por esta entidad. Objetivos. El objetivo principal es determinar la tasa de mortalidad en pacientes con HIC-ACO (precoz, hospitalaria, global) en nuestra área sanitaria y analizar las principales variables relacionadas. El objetivo secundario es determinar la eficacia de las terapias de reversión de la anticoagulación (TRA), reflejada por la expansión radiológica del hematoma y el pronóstico funcional. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio prospectivo observacional que introdujo un protocolo dirigido al manejo de pacientes con HIC-ACO. Incluyó medidas generales y neuromonitorización, administración individualizada de TRA, tomografía craneal y seguimiento durante seis meses. Se recogieron los fármacos prescritos en el área durante este período, mortalidad y pronóstico funcional. Se diseñó un estudio bivariante y regresión logística para investigar variables relacionadas con la mortalidad. Resultados. Se incluyó a 49 pacientes durante tres años; de ellos, un 71,4% recibió TRA. La mortalidad fue del 16,3% (primeras 24 horas), el 53,1% (ingreso) y el 61,2% (180 días). Se observó una menor supervivencia entre pacientes con puntuaciones basales mayores en la National Institutes of Healt Stroke Scale (NIHSS) (p lower than 0,0001), valor de creatinina (p = 0,02), índice internacional normalizado (p = 0,048), volumen hemorrágico (p = 0,008), hidrocefalia (p = 0,015) y toma de acenocumarol (p = 0,030). Los pacientes que no recibieron TRA tuvieron una mayor mortalidad precoz (p = 0,003). La única variable relacionada con la mortalidad global de forma independiente fue la puntuación en la NIHSS basal (odds ratio = 1,282; intervalo de confianza al 95%: 1,023-1,608; p = 0,031). Conclusiones. La HIC-ACO presenta una elevada mortalidad, relacionada con la toma de acenocumarol y de forma independiente con la situación clínica inicial. Se comprobó una menor tasa de mortalidad precoz entre pacientes que recibieron TRA.

Correlato clínico-radiológico de un angioma cavernoso de novo con comportamiento seudotumoral / Clinical-radiological correlations in a de novo cavernous angioma with pseudotumor-like behavior

El angioma cavernoso (AC) es una malformación vascular cerebral, generalmente congénita, cuya historia natural se caracteriza por ser dinámica. La hemorragia es el fenómeno evolutivo más común del AC, puede ocasionar importantes fluctuaciones del tamaño de la lesión e incluso provocar su desaparición. El objetivo de este artículo es comunicar el comportamiento evolutivo observado en un AC en el que pudo documentarse: a) su aparición de novo, un hecho muy infrecuente y b) una evolución radiológica, de crecimiento progresivo, a modo de lesión expansiva, pese a no traducir empeoramiento clínico. En la evolución por resonancia magnética (RM), la presentación de signos radiológicos atípicos puede orientar el diagnóstico etiológico de AC frente a otros alternativos: aparición de novo, nivel líquido-líquido o hidroaéreo, anillo hipointenso incompleto de hemosiderina, crecimiento seudotumoral, forma seudoquística o multiloculada, edema vasogénico, efecto de masa y tamaño mayor de 3 cm

Cavernous angiomas are cerebral vascular malformations that are usually congenital. These lesions are characterized as dynamic. The most common phenomenon in the course of these lesions is bleeding, which can result in significant fluctuations in their size and even lead to their disappearance. This article aims to describe the behavior of a cavernous angioma in its natural history, documenting: a) its de novo appearance, a very uncommon observation, and b) its changes on imaging studies, where it grew progressively like an expanding lesion but had no clinical repercussions. On magnetic resonance imaging, atypical signs can orient the etiological diagnosis of cavernous angioma versus other alternatives: de novo appearance, fluid-fluid or air-fluid level, incomplete hypointense ring due to hemosiderin deposition, pseudotumor-like growth, pseudocyst-like or multiloculated shape, vasogenic edema, mass effect, and size greater than 3 cm

[Recurrent stroke, acrocyanosis and livedo racemosa: is it always Sneddon's syndrome?] / Ictus recidivante, acrocianosis y livedo racemosa: ¿siempre síndrome de Sneddon?

TITLE: Ictus recidivante, acrocianosis y livedo racemosa: ¿siempre síndrome de Sneddon?

Clinical-radiological correlations in a de novo cavernous angioma with pseudotumor-like behavior. / Correlato clínico-radiológico de un angioma cavernoso de novo con comportamiento seudotumoral.

Cavernous angiomas are cerebral vascular malformations that are usually congenital. These lesions are characterized as dynamic. The most common phenomenon in the course of these lesions is bleeding, which can result in significant fluctuations in their size and even lead to their disappearance. This article aims to describe the behavior of a cavernous angioma in its natural history, documenting: a) its de novo appearance, a very uncommon observation, and b) its changes on imaging studies, where it grew progressively like an expanding lesion but had no clinical repercussions. On magnetic resonance imaging, atypical signs can orient the etiological diagnosis of cavernous angioma versus other alternatives: de novo appearance, fluid-fluid or air-fluid level, incomplete hypointense ring due to hemosiderin deposition, pseudotumor-like growth, pseudocyst-like or multiloculated shape, vasogenic edema, mass effect, and size greater than 3cm.

[Paradoxical arterial gas embolism following a direct incisive injury to the skull]. / Embolismo arterial gaseoso paradojico tras una herida incisa craneal directa.

INTRODUCTION: An arterial gas embolism is defined as the presence of air in the arterial circulation. This is an extremely rare cause of stroke that has been described in a multitude of clinical scenarios, generally related to iatrogenic processes. A clinical case is reported in which the arterial gas embolism occurred after a traumatic brain injury, and the most relevant aspects of diagnosis and aetiopathogenesis are reviewed. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a 52-year-old woman with an open craniofacial wound resulting from an attack with an axe. The initial CT scan found fractures in the left zygomatic, sphenoidal and maxillary arches, as well as pneumocephalus in the cavernous sinuses and the right carotid canal. One hour later, the patient showed a neurological deficit in the right hemisphere, and so a new cranial computed tomography scan with multimodal vascular study was urgently requested, which revealed the mobilisation of the pneumocephalus and ruled out a large vessel arterial occlusion. A shunt study using transcranial Doppler and echocardiography showed the presence of a patent foramen ovale to be the cause of arteriovenous communication that justified an arterial gas embolism. The follow-up CT scan at 48 hours confirmed the appearance of a right parietal ischaemic lesion. CONCLUSION: This case reflects the simultaneous presence of air in the arterial and venous circulation of the brain, as well as the peripheral communication through a patent foramen ovale. This production mechanism is poorly documented in the literature.

TITLE: Embolismo arterial gaseoso paradojico tras una herida incisa craneal directa.Introduccion. El embolismo arterial gaseoso se define como la presencia de aire en la circulacion arterial. Se trata de una causa extremadamente rara de ictus que se ha descrito en multitud de escenarios clinicos, generalmente relacionados con procesos yatrogenos. Se aporta un caso clinico en el que el embolismo arterial gaseoso sucedio tras un traumatismo craneoencefalico, y se revisan los aspectos mas relevantes del diagnostico y la etiopatogenia. Caso clinico. Mujer de 52 años que presentaba herida incisa craneofacial tras una agresion con un hacha. La tomografia computarizada inicial objetivo fractura en los arcos cigomatico, esfenoidal y maxilar izquierdos, asi como neumoencefalo en los senos cavernosos y el canal carotideo derecho. Una hora mas tarde, la paciente mostro un deficit neurologico hemisferico derecho, por lo que se solicito de forma urgente una nueva tomografia computarizada craneal con estudio vascular multimodal, que objetivo la movilizacion del neumoencefalo y descarto una oclusion arterial de gran vaso. Un estudio de shunt mediante Doppler transcraneal y ecocardiografia comprobo la presencia de un foramen oval permeable como causa de comunicacion arteriovenosa que justificaba un embolismo arterial gaseoso. La tomografia computarizada de control a las 48 horas confirmo la aparicion de una lesion isquemica parietal derecha. Conclusion. En este caso queda reflejada la presencia simultanea de aire en la circulacion cerebral arterial y venosa y la comunicacion periferica a traves de un foramen oval permeable. Este mecanismo de produccion esta escasamente documentado en la bibliografia.

Synthesis of low cost organometallic-type catalysts for their application in microbial fuel cell technology.

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are a promising technology that generates electricity from several biodegradable substrates and wastes. The main drawback of these devices is the need of using a catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction at the cathode, which makes the process relatively expensive. In this work, two low cost materials are tested as catalysts in MFCs. A novel iron complex based on the ligand n-phenyledenparaethoxy aniline has been synthesized and its performance as catalyst in single chamber MFCs containing ionic liquids has been compared with a commercial inorganic material such as Raney nickel. The results show that both materials are suitable for bioenergy production and wastewater treatment in the systems. Raney nickel cathodes allow MFCs to reach a maximum power output of 160 mW.m-3 anode, while the iron complex offers lower values. Regarding the wastewater treatment capacity, MFCs working with Raney nickel-based cathodes reach higher values of chemical oxygen demand removal (76%) compared with the performance displayed by the cathodes based on Fe-complex (56%).

¿Se ha producido un cambio en la etiología del ictus isquémico en las últimas décadas? Análisis y comparación de una base de datos de ictus actual frente a las históricas / Has the aetiology of ischaemic stroke changed in the past decades? Analysis and comparison of data from current and historical stroke databases

OBJETIVOS: Comprobar si han existido variaciones en la etiología del ictus isquémico en los últimos años e investigar las posibles causas que lo justifiquen. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Análisis de los antecedentes epidemiológicos y factores de riesgo vascular de los pacientes diagnosticados de ictus isquémico en el Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete (CHUA) entre 2009 y 2014. La clasificación etiológica del ictus isquémico se realizó según los criterios TOAST. Se compararon los resultados con los de la clásica Stroke Data Bank (SDB) y se contrastaron ambas series con otros registros hospitalarios publicados en el periodo que las separa. RESULTADOS: Se analiza a 1.664 pacientes, 58% varones, mediana de edad 74 años. Según la clasificación etiológica los resultados obtenidos son (CHUA/SDB): aterotrombóticos (12%/9%), lacunares (13%/25%), cardioembólicos (32%/19%), causa infrecuente (3%/4%) e indeterminados (40%/44%). El 63% de los pacientes del CHUA era mayor de 70 años, en la SDB solo el 42% superaba esa edad. En ambos registros el subtipo cardioembólico era más prevalente en mayores de 70 años. La HTA no tratada era más frecuente en la SDB (SDB = 31% vs. CHUA = 10%). El análisis de otras bases de datos muestra una tendencia progresiva a escala mundial al aumento en la prevalencia del ictus cardioembólico. CONCLUSIONES: Nuestro estudio muestra tanto en nuestro centro como a escala mundial una disminución del porcentaje de ictus lacunares y un aumento del de cardioembólicos respecto a la SDB. Estas diferencias pudieran justificarse por el envejecimiento de los pacientes, el mejor control de la HTA actualmente y mayor capacidad para detectar arritmias cardioembólicas en las Unidades de Ictus

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine whether the aetiology of ischaemic stroke has changed in recent years and, if so, to ascertain the possible reasons for these changes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analysed the epidemiological history and vascular risk factors of all patients diagnosed with ischaemic stroke at Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete (CHUA) from 2009 to 2014. Ischaemic stroke subtypes were established using the TOAST criteria. Our results were compared to data from the classic Stroke Data Bank (SDB); in addition, both series were compared to those of other hospital databases covering the period between the two. RESULTS: We analysed 1664 patients (58% were men) with a mean age of 74 years. Stroke aetiology in both series (CHUA, SDB) was as follows: atherosclerosis (12%, 9%), small-vessel occlusion (13%, 25%), cardioembolism (32%, 19%), stroke of other determined aetiology (3%, 4%), and stroke of undetermined aetiology (40%, 44%). Sixty-three percent of the patients from the CHUA and 42% of the patients from the SDB were older than 70 years. Cardioembolic strokes were more prevalent in patients older than 70 years in both series. Untreated hypertension was more frequent in the SDB (SDB = 31% vs CHUA = 10%). The analysis of other databases shows that the prevalence of cardioembolic stroke is increasing worldwide. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that the prevalence of lacunar strokes is decreasing worldwide whereas cardioembolic strokes are increasingly more frequent in both our hospital and other series compared to the SDB. These differences may be explained by population ageing and the improvements in management of hypertension and detection of cardioembolic arrhythmias in stroke units

Ionic liquid technology to recover volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) comprise a wide variety of carbon-based materials which are volatile at relatively low temperatures. Most of VOCs pose a hazard to both human health and the environment. For this reason, in the last years, big efforts have been made to develop efficient techniques for the recovery of VOCs produced from industry. The use of ionic liquids (ILs) is among the most promising separation technologies in this field. This article offers a critical overview on the use of ionic liquids for the separation of VOCs both in bulk and in immobilized form. It covers the most relevant works within this field and provides a global outlook on the limitations and future prospects of this technology. The extraction processes of VOCs by using different IL-based assemblies are described in detail and compared with conventional methods This review also underlines the advantages and limitations posed by ionic liquids according to the nature of the cation and the anions present in their structure and the stability of the membrane configurations in which ILs are used as liquid phase.

Has the aetiology of ischaemic stroke changed in the past decades? Analysis and comparison of data from current and historical stroke databases. / ¿Se ha producido un cambio en la etiología del ictus isquémico en las últimas décadas? Análisis y comparación de una base de datos de ictus actual frente a las históricas.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine whether the aetiology of ischaemic stroke has changed in recent years and, if so, to ascertain the possible reasons for these changes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analysed the epidemiological history and vascular risk factors of all patients diagnosed with ischaemic stroke at Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete (CHUA) from 2009 to 2014. Ischaemic stroke subtypes were established using the TOAST criteria. Our results were compared to data from the classic Stroke Data Bank (SDB); in addition, both series were compared to those of other hospital databases covering the period between the two. RESULTS: We analysed 1664 patients (58% were men) with a mean age of 74 years. Stroke aetiology in both series (CHUA, SDB) was as follows: atherosclerosis (12%, 9%), small-vessel occlusion (13%, 25%), cardioembolism (32%, 19%), stroke of other determined aetiology (3%, 4%), and stroke of undetermined aetiology (40%, 44%). Sixty-three percent of the patients from the CHUA and 42% of the patients from the SDB were older than 70 years. Cardioembolic strokes were more prevalent in patients older than 70 years in both series. Untreated hypertension was more frequent in the SDB (SDB = 31% vs CHUA = 10%). The analysis of other databases shows that the prevalence of cardioembolic stroke is increasing worldwide. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that the prevalence of lacunar strokes is decreasing worldwide whereas cardioembolic strokes are increasingly more frequent in both our hospital and other series compared to the SDB. These differences may be explained by population ageing and the improvements in management of hypertension and detection of cardioembolic arrhythmias in stroke units.

Effect of metallation, substituents and inter/intra-molecular polarization on electronic couplings for hole transport in stacked porphyrin dyads.

We carried out a systematic study of the hole transport properties for a series of symmetrically stacked porphyrin dimers. In the first part of this study, we evaluated the sensitivity of electronic couplings to orbital relaxation due to molecular ionization and intermolecular interactions for a series of halogenated porphyrins. The effect of polarization was estimated by comparing electronic couplings from fragment orbital density functional theory (FODFT) and frozen density embedding electron transfer (FDE-CT). For the dimers considered, the effect of polarization was estimated to be less than 20%, in line with previous studies on different molecular dimers. Thus, we decided to employ a computationally cheaper FODFT method to continue our study of the effect of metals and substituents on the electronic couplings for hole transfer. We find that, compared to the non-metallated porphyrins, Ni, Fe and Pt significantly reduce the coupling, while Zn, Ti, Cd and Pd increase it. The effect of substituents was studied on a series of meso-substituted porphyrins (meso-tetrapyridineporphyrin, meso-tetraphenylporphyrin and derivatives) for which we could relate a reduction of the coupling to steric effects that reduce the overlap between the frontier orbitals of the monomers.

Discovering less toxic ionic liquids by using the Microtox® toxicity test.

New Microtox® toxicity data of 16 ionic liquids of different cationic and anionic composition were determined. The ionic liquids 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium trifluoromethanesulfonate, [BMPyr(+)][TFO(-)], 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium chloride, [BMPyr(+)][Cl(-)], hydroxypropylmethylimidazolium fluoroacetate, [HOPMIM(+)][FCH2COO(-)], and hydroxypropylmethylimidazolium glycolate [HOPMIM(+)][glycolate(-)] were found to be less toxic than conventional organic solvent such as chloroform or toluene, accoding the Microtox® toxicity assays. The toxicity of pyrrolidinium cation was lower than the imidazolium and pyridinium ones. It was found that the inclusion of an hydroxyl group in the alkyl chain length of the cation also reduce the toxicity of the ionic liquid. To sum up, the Microtox® toxicity assays can be used as screening tool to easily determined the toxicity of a wide range of ionic liquids and the toxicity data obtained could allow the obtention of structure-toxicity relationships to design less toxic ionic liquids.

Recanalization and mortality rates of thrombectomy with stent-retrievers in octogenarian patients with acute ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND: Our objective was to evaluate the effect of treatment with stent-retrievers in octogenarians suffering an acute ischemic stroke. METHODS: A total of 150 consecutive patients with acute stroke who were treated with stent-retrievers between April 2010 and June 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into those <80 years old (n = 116) and those ≥80 (n = 34). Baseline characteristics, procedure data, and endpoints (postprocedural NIHSS, death, and mRS at 3 months) were compared. RESULTS: High blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, and anticoagulation were more frequent in octogenarians (p = 0.01, 0.003, and 0.04 respectively). There were no differences between both groups regarding previous intravenous thrombolysis (32.4 vs. 48.3 %, p = 0.1), preprocedural NIHSS (18.1 vs. 16.8, p = 0.3), procedure time (74.5 (40-114) min vs. 63 (38-92) min, p = 0.2), revascularization time (380.5 (298-526.3) min vs. 350 (296.3-452.8), p = 0.3), TICI ≥ 2B (88.2 vs. 93.9 %, p = 0.1), and symptomatic haemorrhage (5.9 vs. 2.6 %, p = 0.3). Discharge NIHSS was higher in octogenarians (9.7 vs. 6.5, p = 0.03). Death and 3-month mRS ≥3 were more frequent in octogenarians (35.3 vs. 17.2 %, p = 0.02 and 73.5 vs. 37.1 %, p = 0.02). ICA-involvement and prolonged revascularization involved higher mortality (66.7 vs. 27.6 %, p = 0.03) and worse mRS (50 vs. 24.4 %, p = 0.06) in octogenarians. CONCLUSIONS: In our series, treatment with stent-retrievers in octogenarians with acute ischemic stroke achieved good rates of recanalization but with a high mortality rate. ICA involvement and revascularization times beyond 6 hours associated to a worse prognosis. These data might be of value in the design of prospective studies evaluating the clinical efficacy of the endovascular treatments in octogenarians.

Estudios IMS III, SYNTHESIS y MR-RESCUE: ¿el fin de la terapia endovascular en el ictus? / IMS III, SYNTHESIS, and MR-RESCUE studies: the end of endovascular treatment for stroke?

El pasado mes de marzo se publicaron, en el mismo número de la revista New England Journal of Medicine, 3 estudios que evaluaban la eficacia del tratamiento endovascular en el ictus isquémico. El resultado ha sido una fuerte controversia entre neurólogos y neurorradiólogos intervencionistas. Sus resultados negativos han levantado numerosas críticas que han señalado graves deficiencias metodológicas. En este trabajo analizamos la evolución de la terapia trombolítica en el ictus, así como las debilidades y fortalezas de dichos estudios. A pesar de sus resultados negativos, pueden marcar la dirección correcta de nuevos ensayos que justifiquen esta modalidad de tratamiento respaldada por la evidencia científica (AU)

Last March, in a single issue New England Journal of Medicine published 3 studies that evaluated the efficacy of endovascular treatment for ischemic stroke, leading to a heated controversy between neurologists and interventional neuroradiologists. The negative results have resulted in numerous reviews pointing out serious methodological defects. In this article, we analyze the outcomes of thrombolytic treatment for stroke and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the three above-mentioned studies. Despite the negative results, these studies can point the way for new trials that will justify this treatment modality that is backed up by scientific evidence (AU)

[IMSIII, SYNTHESIS, and MR-RESCUE studies: the end of endovascular treatment for stroke?]. / Estudios IMS III, SYNTHESIS y MR-RESCUE: ¿el fin de la terapia endovascular en el ictus?

Last March, in a single issue New England Journal of Medicine published 3 studies that evaluated the efficacy of endovascular treatment for ischemic stroke, leading to a heated controversy between neurologists and interventional neuroradiologists. The negative results have resulted in numerous reviews pointing out serious methodological defects. In this article, we analyze the outcomes of thrombolytic treatment for stroke and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the three above-mentioned studies. Despite the negative results, these studies can point the way for new trials that will justify this treatment modality that is backed up by scientific evidence.

Fibrinólisis intravenosa en un varón de 14 años con infarto cerebral por disección de la arteria carótida interna / Intravenous fibrinolysis in a 14-year-old male with cerebral infarction due to dissection of the internal carotid artery

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Miscelánea: parkinsonismo en otras enfermedades degenerativas / Miscellany: Parkinsonism in other degenerative diseases

Introducción. El parkinsonismo en otras enfermedades neurodegenerativas es un tema amplio y variado. Describiremos las características diferenciadoras de algunas entidades bien definidas (enfermedad de Huntington, enfermedad de Wilson), así como de otras más raras. Desarrollo. Existen gran cantidad de trastornos neurodegenerativos que cursan con parkinsonismo en algún momento de su evolución. Es necesario reconocer marcadores clínicos diferenciadores (edad de inicio, corea, hepatopatía, parálisis supranuclear de la mirada, respuesta a levodopa...), así como patrones de herencia y de neuroimagen que nos permitan reconocer cuadros clínicos definidos. Conclusiones. Todo cuadro de parkinsonismo debe estudiarse cuidadosamente. Debemos identificar aquellos cuadros con especial importancia por su frecuencia (enfermedad de Huntington) o por ser potencialmente curables (enfermedad de Wilson), en especial en todos los pacientes con un inicio juvenil. Otras entidades infrecuentes (hemiatrofia-hemiparkinson, síndrome pálido-piramidal, enfermedades por depósito, neuroacantocitosis, etc), también deben ser consideradas en el diagnóstico diferencial (AU)

Introduction. Parkinsonism in other neurodegenerative diseases is a broad and varied topic. We report the differentiating features of some well-defined conditions (Huntington's disease, Wilson's disease), as well as some other rarer ones. Development. There are many neurodegenerative disorders that are accompanied by parkinsonism at some point in their development. It is necessary to recognise differentiating clinical markers (age at onset, chorea, liver disease, supranuclear gaze palsy, response to levodopa, and so on) as well as inheritance and neuroimaging patterns that enable us to recognise defined clinical pictures. Conclusions. very clinical picture suggestive of parkinsonism must be studied carefully. We must identify those clinical patterns that are especially important due to their frequency (Huntington's disease) or because they are potentially curable (Wilson's disease), particularly in all patients with onset prior to adulthood. Other infrequent conditions (hemiatrophyhemiparkinsonism, pallidal-pyramidal syndrome, diseases due to deposits, neuroacanthocytosis, etc.) should also be taken into account in the differential diagnosis (AU)