Percepción de una maestra-tutora sobre la Competencia Motriz y Social en escolares de Infantil. Efecto de un programa de refuerzo motriz / Perception of a teacher-tutor on Motor and Social Competence in Children’s School. Intervention of a motor reinforcement program

El presente trabajo describe la percepción de una maestra-tutora sobre la Competencia Motriz y Relaciones Sociales en escolares de Educación Infantil. Este estudio tuvo un triple objetivo, por un lado, conocer si la maestra-tutora, participante, era capaz de identificar a los escolares con dificultades motrices y sociales. Por otro lado, analizar el impacto de un Programa de Refuerzo Motriz en la Competencia Motriz y en las Relaciones Sociales en estos escolares. Por último, conocer si la maestra-tutora percibe el efecto del programa. En el estudio participó la maestra-tutora y 6 escolares con dificultades motrices, con una edad media de 5.60 años (DT ± 0.53). Se diseñó un estudio pre-experimental mixto que combinó un enfoque cuantitativo para las medidas Pre-Test y Post-Test y un enfoque cualitativo para observar el comportamiento de los participantes. Se evaluó la Competencia Motriz de manera objetiva, mediante la Batería de evaluación (Mabc-2) y se realizó un Sociograma para conocer las Relaciones Sociales. Por otro lado, se pasó un cuestionario a la profesora tutora. Los resultados mostraron que la maestra-tutora, en líneas generales, detecta entre el alumnado a aquellos escolares que presentan dificultades motrices o/y sociales de manera muy evidente. Asimismo, los resultados muestran una mejora en los escolares en ambas variables. En conclusión, los docentes de Educación Infantil como uno de los principales agentes de socialización pueden llegar a ser un elemento fundamental para ayudar a que estos superen las dificultades motrices y sociales (AU)

This paper describes a teacher-tutor's perception of Motor Competence and Social Relationships in pre-school children. The aim of this study was threefold: on the one hand, to find out whether the participating teacher-tutor was able to identify schoolchildren with motor and social difficulties. On the other hand, to analyse the impact of a Motor Reinforcement Programme on Motor Competence and Social Relationships in these schoolchildren. Finally, to find out if the teacher-mentor perceives the effect of the programme. The study involved the teacher-tutor and 6 schoolchildren with motor difficulties, with a mean age of 5.60 years (SD ± 0.53). A mixed pre-experimental study was designed combining a quantitative approach for the Pre-Test and Post-Test measures and a qualitative approach to observe the behaviour of the participants. Motor competence was assessed objectively using the Motor Competence Assessment Battery (Mabc-2) (Henderson et al., 2007) and a Sociogram was conducted to assess Social Relationships. On the other hand, a questionnaire was given to the tutor-teacher. The results showed that the tutor-teacher, in general terms, detects among the students those who present motor and/or social difficulties in a very evident way. Likewise, the results show an improvement in the pupils in both variables.In conclusion, early childhood teachers, as one of the main agents of socialisation, can become a fundamental element in helping children to overcome motor and social difficulties (AU)

Establishing the Relationship Between Flavonoid Content, Mycorrhization, and Soil Nutritional Content in Different Species of the Genus Passiflora in Colombia.

The genus Passiflora comprises more than 500 species distributed in tropical and semitropical regions. With a great diversity of species, it is estimated that one-third is found in Colombian territory. Besides the food importance, Passiflora species are important sources of biologically active compounds, such as flavonoids. The most important symbiosis between soil fungi and vascular plants related to plant nutrition and tolerance to stress conditions is mycorrhizae. Passiflora species form arbuscular mycorrhizae, with several species of Glomeromycota. This association has been reported to alter the production of secondary metabolites. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the relation between flavonoid content, mycorrhization, and soil nutritional content of Passiflora alata, Passiflora quadrangularis, Passiflora maliformis, and Passiflora ligularis in Colombian crops. The extracts were prepared and analyzed using UPLC/PDA-MS, and total flavonoids were quantified with the method of AlCl3. Soil characteristics, including nutritional content and percentage of colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, were also determined. All variables were analyzed using Spearman's correlation and principal component analysis. Chromatographic analysis of the extracts allowed us to visualize the different flavonoid compositions of each extract, identifying several C-glycosylflavonoids. In this paper, we report for the first time the presence of luteolin-8-C-rhamnosyl-4'-O-glucoside, apigenin-6-C-arabinosyl-7-O-glucoside, and orientin for P. maliformis. Statistical analysis showed a negative correlation between available phosphorus (ρ = -0.90, p = <0.05) and magnesium (Mg) saturation (ρ = -0.70, p = <0.05) on flavonoid content, whereas the calcium magnesium (Ca/Mg) ratio was positively correlated (ρ = 0.70, p = <0.01). There was a nonsignificant correlation between mycorrhization and flavonoid content (ρ = -0.70, p = >0.1). These results contribute to understanding the relationship between flavonoid-mycorrhization-soil nutritional content on Passiflora spp.

Efecto de la edad relativa en la natación española / Effect of relative age on Spanish swimming

El efecto de la edad relativa se refiere a las diferencias cronológicas de sujetos pertenecientes a un mismo grupo de edad, que puede provocar que los nacidos en los primeros meses del año parezcan más talentosos. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la posible existencia del efecto de la edad relativa en la natación española. Para llevarlo a cabo se consideraron los 100 mejores resultados en piscina de 50 metros de las últimas seis temporadas (2015-2021), para todas las edades de las categorías con campeonatos nacionales, en ambos sexos y en los cuatro estilos. El análisis se realizó sobre 28.373 resultados obtenidos de la base de datos de la Real Federación Española de Natación, tomando como referencia las fechas de nacimiento de los nadadores. Para identificar si existe el efecto de la edad relativa en la natación en España se aplicó el odds ratio y la prueba estadística chi cuadrado. Así, para calcular las posibles diferencias entre los rendimientos medios entre los trimestres de nacimiento de los nadadores, se realizó́ un análisis de varianza. Los resultados mostraron una distribución desigual de las fechas de nacimiento por trimestres y unos rendimientos medios diferentes para casi todos los grupos de edad, en ambos géneros. En conclusión, se puede decir que la sobrerrepresentación de deportistas en los primeros trimestres del año, y la diferencia en cuanto al éxito deportivo alcanzado, son dos efectos de la edad relativa a considerar. (AU)

The relative age effect refers to chronological differences in subjects belonging to the same age group, which may cause those born in the first months of the year to appear more talented. The aim of this research is to analyse the effect of relative age in Spanish swimming. The 100 best results in pool of 50 meters of the last six seasons (2015-2021) were analysed for all ages of the categories with national championships, in both genders and in the four styles. The sample included 28.373 results obtained from the database of the Royal Spanish Swimming Federation, taking as reference the dates of birth of the swimmers. To analyse the effect of relative age in Spanish swimming, the Chi-squared statistical est was used. The possible differences between the average yields between the birth quarters of the swimmers was calculated by an analysis of variance. The results showed an unequal distribution of birth dates by trimesters and different average yields for almost all age groups, in both genders. In conclusion, it can be said that the over-representation of athletes in the first quarters of the year, and the difference in terms of sports success achieved, are two effects of the relative age to consider. (AU)

Diseño y validación de instrumentos para valorar la postura de sedestación y motricidad fina en alumnado de primaria / Design And Validation of Instruments for Assessing Sitting Posture and Fine Motor Function in Primary School Students

Resumen Los niños y las niñas en edad escolar pueden pasar aproximadamente un 80 % de su jornada escolar haciendo uso de la silla. Debido a esta situación, diferentes estudios establecen una relación entre postura y problemas de salud. Señalan además, que las dificultades de escritura pueden afectar la percepción de las propias capacidades. Debido a estos resultados, se ha insistido en la importancia de inculcar hábitos posturales y grafomotrices adecuados desde edades tempranas. Los objetivos principales de este estudio fueron, por un lado, diseñar instrumentos de observación y recolección de datos de los patrones posturales y de grafomotricidad; por otro, validar dichos instrumentos mediante la opinión de personas expertas. Como objetivo secundario se consideró evaluar la consistencia interna del instrumento para valorar la postura de sedestación. En relación con el primer objetivo, ambos instrumentos mostraron valores altos de concordancia inter jueces en cuanto a la pertinencia y precisión de los ítems. Con respecto al segundo, los instrumentos fueron aplicados a una muestra de 93 niños y niñas de 1º y 5º curso de Educación primaria para evaluar la consistencia interna del instrumento postura. Los resultados de confiabilidad por dimensiones mostraron unos valores superiores a 0.7. Los instrumentos diseñados se presentan como herramientas útiles para valorar los patrones relacionados con la postura y la grafomotricidad y contribuir así a la detección de problemas asociados en niños y niñas en edad escolar. En conclusión, estos instrumentos pueden ofrecer directrices adecuadas para elaborar planes de trabajo destinados a atender las necesidades que presente el alumnado.

Abstract Schoolchildren can spend around 80% of their school day sat. In this sense, different studies establish a direct relationship between posture and health problems. Moreover, writing difficulties can also affect the perception of abilities, hence the importance of instilling proper postural and graphomotor habits from an early age. The main objectives of this study were, on the one hand, to design instruments for observation and data collection of postural and graphomotricity patterns and, on the other hand, to validate these instruments through expert opinion. A secondary objective was to evaluate the internal consistency of the instrument to assess the posture of sedestation. Concerning the first objective, both instruments showed high inter-judge concordance in terms of relevance and precision of the items. In relation to the second objective, the instruments were applied to a sample of 93 children from the 1st and 5th grades of primary school to evaluate their internal consistency of the posture instrument. Dimensional reliability results showed values greater than 0.7. The instruments designed are presented as useful tools to assess the patterns related to posture and graphomotricity and thus contribute to detecting problems associated with school-age children. In conclusion, these instruments can provide appropriate guidelines for the development of work plans to meet the needs of students.

Resumo As crianças em idade escolar podem passar aproximadamente 80% do seu dia escolar numa cadeira. Devido a esta situação, diferentes estudos estabelecem uma ligação entre a postura e os problemas de saúde. Eles também apontam que as dificuldades de escrita podem afetar a percepção das próprias habilidades. Devido a estes resultados, a importância de incutir hábitos postural e de caligrafia adequados desde uma idade precoce tem sido enfatizada. Os principais objetivos deste estudo foram, por um lado, conceber instrumentos de observação e recolha de dados de padrões posturais e grafomotores; por outro lado, validar estes instrumentos através da opinião de peritos. Um objetivo secundário foi avaliar a consistência interna do instrumento para provar a postura sentada. Em relação ao primeiro objetivo, ambos os instrumentos mostraram altos valores de concordância entre juízes em termos de relevância e precisão dos itens. Em relação ao segundo objetivo, os instrumentos foram administrados a uma amostra de 93 crianças do 1º e 5º anos do ensino fundamental para avaliar a consistência interna do instrumento de postura. Os resultados da confiabilidade por dimensões mostraram valores acima de 0,7. Os instrumentos desenhados são apresentados como ferramentas úteis para avaliar a postura e os padrões grafomotores e assim contribuir para a detecção de problemas associados em crianças em idade escolar. Em conclusão, estes instrumentos podem fornecer orientações apropriadas para o desenvolvimento de planos de trabalho que respondam às necessidades estudantis.

Detection of Muscle Dysmorphia symptoms in male weightlifters / Detección de síntomas de dismorfia muscular en halterófilos masculinos

Muscle dysmorphia (MD) is a body dismorphic disorder in which the sufferer is dissatisfied with their body size and shape. MD has yet to be studied in weightlifters, and the objective of this research study is to detect its symptoms in 32 male weightlifters as well as any related characteristics and behaviours. This study involved the distribution of a sociodemographic questionnaire in addition to the Escala de Satisfacción Muscular, the Physical Self-Concept Questionnaire, and the Somatomorphic Matrix, with the anthropometric measurements of the participants also being recorded. The results revealed the existence of body dissatisfaction among athletes and, in some cases, muscle perception that does not equate to reality. The athletes also use substances to build their muscles and enhance their performance, display obsessive muscle checking behaviours, and have low general physical self-concept that stems from their muscle (dis)satisfaction. To conclude, this study confirms the existence of MD in this sport

La Dismorfia Muscular (DM) es un desorden dismórfico corporal en el que la persona que lo padece está insatisfecho con su tamaño corporal, y/o forma. La DM no ha sido estudiada en halterófilos, por lo que el objetivo de esta investigación fue detectar síntomas en 32 halterófilos varones, así como características y comportamientos asociados. Este estudio requirió la cumplimentación de un cuestionario sociodemográfico además de una Escala de Satisfacción Muscular, un Cuestionario de Autoconcepto Físico y el Somatomorpic Matrix, así como el registro de las medidas antropométricas de los participantes. Los resultados revelaron la existencia de insatisfacción muscular entre los deportistas además del uso de sustancias con el objetivo de hacer crecer su musculatura y mejorar su rendimiento, comportamientos obsesivos con el fin de comprobar su musculatura, y bajas puntuaciones en autoconcepto físico como consecuencia de la insatisfacción muscular que sufrían. Se puede concluir que esta investigación confirma la existencia de DM en esta modalidad deportiva

La Dismorfia Múscular en diferentes deportes: fútbol, gimnasia, halterofilia, natación y triatlón / La dismorfia muscular em diferentes deportes: futebol, gimnasia, halterofilia, natação e triatlón / Muscular dysmorphia in different sports: soccer, gymnastics, weightlifting, swimming and triathlon

La Dismorfia Muscular (DM), es un trastorno dismórfico corporal cuyos afectados se muestran insatisfechos con su tamaño y/o forma corporal. Se ha estudiado en deportistas de diferentes modalidades (Baghurst y Lirgg, 2009), no obstante se consideran insuficientes las investigaciones realizadas, por tanto el objetivo de este trabajo fue detectar síntomas de DM entre 485 deportistas (387 hombres y 98 mujeres). Las modalidades deportivas representadas fueron halterofilia (7.8 %), gimnasia artística (12.8 %), natación (10.9%), fútbol (44.1 %) y triatlón (24.3 %). Este estudio requirió la cumplimentación de un cuestionario sociodemográfico, la Escala de Satisfacción Muscular, el Cuestionario de Autoconcepto Físico y el Somatomorphic Matrix, además del registro de las medidas antropométricas de los participantes. Los resultados revelaron la existencia de DM entre los deportistas, además de insatisfacción muscular y relaciones significativas entre los dominios del autoconcepto físico relacionados con ésta (autoconcepto físico general y atractivo físico (r = .73, p < .01), autoconcepto general y condición física (r = .72, p < .01)) (AU)

Muscular Dysmorphia (DM) is a body dysmorphic disorder whose sufferers are dissatisfied with their size and / or body shape. It has been studied in athletes of differents sports (Baghurst and Lirgg, 2009), but researchs is not enough. Therefore, the objective of this work was detected DM symptons among 485 athletes (387 men and 98 women). The sports represented were weightlifting (7.8%), artistic gymnastics (12.8%), swimming (10.9%), football (44.1%) and triathlon (24.3%). This study required the implementation of a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Escala de Satisfacción Muscular , the Physical Self-Concept Questionnaire and the Somatomorphic Matrix, in addition to collection the anthropometric measures of the participants. The results revealed the existence of DM symptoms among athletes, as well as muscular dissatisfaction and significant relationships between the domains of physical selfconcept related to this (general physical selfconcept and physical attractiveness (r = .73, p <.01), and general selfconcept with physical condition (r = 0.72, p <0.01)) (AU)

A Dismorfia Muscular (DM) é uma perturbação dismórfica corporal em que os sujeitos se mostram insatisfeitos com o seu tamanho e/ou forma corporal. Embora o número de investigações efetuadas seja escasso, a DM tem sido estudada em desportistas de diferentes modalidades (Baghurst y Lirgg, 2009). Neste sentido, o objetivo deste estudo é perceber quais os sintomas de DM que os desportistas apresentam. Para o efeito, foram analisados 485 desportistas (387 homens e 98 mulheres), das modalidades de halterofilia (7.8%), ginástica artística (12.8%), natação (10.9%), futebol (44.1%) e triatlo (24.3%). Para a recolha de dados foi utilizada uma bateria de testes composta por dados sociodemográficos, Escala de Satisfação Muscular, Questionário de Autoconceito Físico, e pelo Somatomorphic Matrix, juntamente com o registo das medidas antropométricas dos participantes. Os resultados revelaram a existência de sintomas de DM entre os desportistas, insatisfação muscular e correlações significativas entre os domínios do autoconceito físico relacionados com ela (autoconceito físico geral e atração física (r = .73, p < .01), autoconceito geral e condição física (r = .72, p < .01)) (AU)

Physical perceptions and self-concept in athletes with muscle dysmorphia symptoms

Individuals affected by Muscle Dysmorphia (MD; body image disorder based on the sub estimation of muscle size), practice weightlifting in order to alleviate their muscular dissatisfaction. Although physical activity is associated with increased physical self-perception, we assume that this was not reproduced in full in people with MD. The study sample consisted of 734 weightlifters and bodybuilders, 562 men and 172 women, who completed the Escala de Satisfacción Muscular, the Physical Self-Concept Questionnaire, and from whom measures of body fat and Fat -Free Mass Index (FFMI) were obtained. The results showed that people suffering from MD symptoms, overall, have poorer physical self-concept perceptions (F = 18.46 - 34.77, p < .01) (AU)

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Physical perceptions and self-concept in athletes with muscle dysmorphia symptoms.

Individuals affected by Muscle Dysmorphia (MD; body image disorder based on the sub estimation of muscle size), practice weightlifting in order to alleviate their muscular dissatisfaction. Although physical activity is associated with increased physical self-perception, we assume that this was not reproduced in full in people with MD. The study sample consisted of 734 weightlifters and bodybuilders, 562 men and 172 women, who completed the Escala de Satisfacción Muscular, the Physical Self-Concept Questionnaire, and from whom measures of body fat and Fat -Free Mass Index (FFMI) were obtained. The results showed that people suffering from MD symptoms, overall, have poorer physical self-concept perceptions (F = 18.46 - 34.77, p < .01).