ABSTRACT
Providing care for a child that is infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is challenging for the child's caregiver and affects the entire family system. Research has demonstrated that social support has the potential to buffer caregiver stress and facilitate caregiver coping. A two-group experimental study was implemented to test the effect of a social support boosting intervention on caregiver stress, coping and social support among caregivers of children with HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The subjects in the study were caregivers of children with HIV/AIDS. The sample strata included seropositive caregivers (biological parents) and seronegative caregivers (foster parents and extended family members). The measures for the study included the Derogatis Stress Profile, The Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scale, and the Tilden Interpersonal Relationship Inventory. These data were then analyzed descriptively and then with a repeated measure MANOVA. Initially, there were no statistically significant differences found between the control and intervention groups. However, when subject HIV status was included in the analysis, the combined dependent variables of stress, coping, and social support were significantly related to the interactions of group by HIV status over time. F values were then computed and no statistically significant differences were found for stress or coping. There were, however, significant differences in measures of social support between groups when adjusting for HIV status of caregivers. In this study, social support levels over time for seronegative caregivers were significantly different from those of seronegative caregivers in the control group. Three case studies are presented that illustrate differences between seronegative and seropositive caregivers. The case studies describe the problems identified by caregivers and the effectiveness of problem solving using the social support boosting intervention. Finally, the mobilization of social support is discussed. Contrasts between the problems of caregivers are made relative to their HIV status. The potential for the effectiveness of the social support boosting intervention is discussed within the context of the caregiver's HIV status.
Subject(s)
Adaptation, Psychological , Caregivers/psychology , HIV Infections/psychology , Social Support , Adolescent , Adult , Analysis of Variance , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
La esofagogastroduodenoscopia (EGD) ha demostrado ser un procedimiento seguro y útil. Su uso durante el embarazo no ha sido aceptado. El registro tococardiográfico de la frecuencia cardíaca fetal es un índice confiable del bienestar del producto, y sus alteraciones muestran el sufrimiento fetal. Se realizo un estudio prospectivo y logitudinal en 75 mujeres embarazadas, con sintomatología gastrointestinal superior, las cuales se sometieron a procedimiento endoscópico con monitoreo tococardiográfico. El promedio de edad fue de 26.6 años. 27 pacientes (49.3 por ciento) se encontraban entre la semana 20 y 27 de gestación 23 (30.6 por ciento) entre la semana 28 y 35). 15 pacientes (20 por ciento) entre la semana 36 y 42. Se registro bradicardía transitoria leve en 45 productos (60 por ciento), taquicardía transitoria en 15 (20 por ciento) y no se presentaron alteraciones 15 productos (20 por ciento). No se registro ninguna complicación durante el procedimiento ni durante el periodo de seguimiento hasta el momento del parto. Concluimos que el procedimiento de EGD realizado en las mujeres embarazadas es un procedimiento seguro y útil, y que no representa riesgo para la madre ni el producto.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Adult , Echocardiography , Endoscopy, Digestive System , Fetal Distress/diagnosis , Fetal Monitoring , Pregnancy Trimester, Second , Risk Assessment , Security MeasuresABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Caring for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected child is challenging and affects the entire family system. Studies have shown that social support can mitigate caregiver stress and enhance coping; however, social support may not always result in a positive outcome for the recipient. OBJECTIVES: To measure caregiver stress, coping, and social support, and to test the effect of a social support boosting intervention on levels of stress, coping, and social support among caregivers of children with HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). METHODS: An experimental design was used with monthly social support boosting interventions implemented. The stratified randomized sample included 70 primary caregivers of children with HIV/AIDS. The sample strata were seropositive caregivers (biological parents) and seronegative caregivers (foster parents and extended family members). Study measures included the Derogatis Stress Profile, Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scale, and the Tilden Interpersonal Relationship Inventory. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and repeated measure MANOVA. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups were found on changes in the dependent variables over time when caregiver strata were included as a factor in the analysis; no statistically significant results were found when caregiver strata were combined. Univariate Ftests indicated that the level of social support for caregivers who were seronegative in the experimental group was significantly different from seronegative caregivers in the control group and seropositive caregivers in both groups. No significant treatment group differences were found for seropositive caregivers. CONCLUSIONS: Seronegative caregivers derived substantial benefit from the social support boosting intervention. Seronegative caregivers who acquire a child with HIV/AIDS are confronted with a complex stressful situation; the critical need to enhance their social support is achievable through the intervention tested in this study.
