Mejora de la dureza mental en halteristas universitarios mediante una intervención con biorretroalimentación basada en el modelo IZOF / Melhoria da resistência mental em halterofilistas universitários através de uma intervenção de biofeedback baseada no modelo IZOF / Mental toughness improvement in college weightlifters through an intervention based on the IZOF model

La intervención psicológica en el contexto del deporte ha intentado detectar un modelo que pueda predecir el máximo rendimiento deportivo; los estudios en donde se utilizan programas de intervención psicológica en las fases competitivas han mostrado cierta influencia en la mejora de habilidades psicológicas específicas para la práctica deportiva. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de un programa de control de activación basado en la Zona Individual de Funcionamiento Óptimo (IZOF), sobre los niveles de dureza mental en deportistas universitarios de halterofilia. La muestra constó de tres participantes, seleccionados por conveniencia. Se utilizó un diseño preexperimental de pretest-postest con un grupo único. Se aplicaron el Inventario Psicológico de Ejecución Deportiva y el Inventario de Ansiedad Estado Competitiva-2RD, este último de manera retrospectiva considerando tres momentos deportivos: a) Peor Rendimiento; b) Rendimiento Regular; c) Mejor Rendimiento; y uno de forma prospectiva, d) Post-intervención. Se registro la frecuencia cardiaca como herramienta para determinar la IZOF. El programa de intervención constó de 17 sesiones para la enseñanza y aplicación técnicas de control de activación. Se analizaron las variables psicológicas mediante la prueba T de Wilcoxon y el mínimo cambio apreciable, mientras que se obtuvieron medias para la frecuencia cardiaca para evaluar su comportamiento durante las ejecuciones de rendimiento. Los resultados posteriores a la intervención muestran cambios positivos en los niveles de ansiedad y autoconfianza, así como de las habilidades psicológicas para la práctica deportiva, y, la obtención y mantenimiento de la IZOF en los participantes. (AU)

Psychological intervention in the sports context has tried to detect a model that can predict maximum sports performance. Studies in which psychological intervention programs were used in the competitive phases have shown some influence in the improvement of specific psychological skills for sports practice. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of an activation control program based on the Individual Zone of Optimal Functioning (IZOF) on the mental toughness levels in university weightlifting athletes. The sample was of three participants, selected by convenience. A pre-experimental pretest-posttest design with a single group was used. The Psychological Inventory of Sport Performance and Inventory of Competitive State Anxiety-2RD (CSAI-2R) questionnaires were applied, the CSAI-2R was responded to retrospectively considering three different sporting moments: a)Worst Performance; b) Regular Performance; c) Best Performance; and, one prospectively after intervention: d) Treatment Performance. Heart rate recording was used as a tool to determine the IZOF. The intervention program consisted of 17 sessions for the teaching and application of activation control techniques. Psychological variables were analyzed through a Wilcoxon test and the smallest worthwhile change, whilst heart rate means were obtained to evaluate their behavior throughout the performance executions. Post-intervention results show positive changes in anxiety and self-confidence levels as well as in the psychological skills for sports practice, and the attainment and maintenance of IZOF in the participants. (AU)

A intervenção psicológica no contexto do desporto tentou detectar um modelo que pode prever o máximo desempenho desportivo. Estudos nos quais são utilizados programas de intervenção psicológica nas fases competitivas mostraram uma certa influência na melhoria de competências psicológicas específicas para a prática desportiva. O objectivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da utilização de um programa de controlo de activação baseado na Zona Ótima de Funcioamento Individual(IZOF) sobre os níveis de resistência mental em atletas de halterofilismo universitários. A amostra consistiu em três participantes, seleccionados de forma não-probabilística por conveniência. Foi utilizado um desenho pré-experimental de pré-teste-pós-teste com um único grupo. Foram aplicados os seguintes questionários: 1) Inventário Psicológico do Desempenho Desportivo; e 2) Inventário da Ansiedade do Estado Competitivo-2RD, este último considerando retrospectivamente três momentos desportivos diferentes: a) pior desempenho; b) desempenho médio; c) melhor desempenho. Finalmente, um registo do ritmo cardíaco como ferramenta para determinar o IZOF. O programa de intervenção consistiu em 17 sessões para o ensino e aplicação de técnicas de controlo de activação. Os dados obtidos foram analisados utilizando um teste Wilcoxon para contrastar as diferenças entre as aplicações CSAI2-RD e IPED. Finalmente, a menor alteração mensurável (SWC) foi utilizada para detectar variações nas pontuações dos testes. Os resultados pós-intervenção mostram um aumento de algumas das capacidades psicológicas para a prática desportiva, e a obtenção e manutenção do IZOF em alguns participantes. (AU)

Analysis of Dietary Intake and Body Composition of Collegiate Runners / Análisis de la Ingesta Dietética y Composición Corporal de Corredores Universitarios

SUMMARY: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to compare dietary intake to published recommendations and to analyze the potential relationship between body composition and dietary intake in collegiate athletes. Eighteen healthy male middle- and long- distance runners (age 20.11 ± 2.72 y; height, 174.7 ± 6.1 cm; body mass, 64.0 ± 7.7 kg), were recruited from a Mexican university track and field team at the beginning of the general preparation phase for national competitions. Participants completed three 24-hour dietary recalls, which were used to estimate dietary intake. Body composition was measured by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Athletes displayed high body fat values. Protein intake was significantly higher than published recommendations. Iron, zinc, sodium, and vitamin C intake were significantly higher than recommended values, while potassium and calcium intake were below established recommendations. No significant correlations between body composition variables (i.e body fat, lean body mass, bone mineral content) and dietary intake (i.e energy, macronutrients and selected vitamins and minerals) could be found. These findings suggest that coaches and practitioners should pay close attention to dietary intake and body composition of endurance athletes starting general preparation for competition. Future studies on changes of dietary intake and body composition during off-season and competitive phase, which also track physical activity, are warranted.

El objetivo de este estudio transversal fue comparar la ingesta dietética con las recomendaciones publicadas y analizar la relación potencial entre la composición corporal y la ingesta dietética en corredores universitarios. Dieciocho atletas masculinos sanos de media y larga distancia (edad 20,11 ± 2,72 años; altura, 174,7 ± 6,1 cm; masa corporal, 64,0 ± 7,7 kg), fueron reclutados de un equipo de atletismo de una universidad mexicana al comienzo de la fase de preparación general de competiciones nacionales. Los participantes completaron tres recordatorios dietéticos de 24 horas, que se utilizaron para estimar la ingesta dietética. La composición corporal se midió mediante absorciometría de rayos X de energía dual (DXA). Los atletas mostraron altos valores de grasa corporal. La ingesta de proteínas fue significativamente mayor que las recomendaciones publicadas. La ingesta de hierro, zinc, sodio y vitamina C fue significativamente superior a los valores recomendados, mientras que la ingesta de potasio y calcio estuvo por debajo de las recomendaciones establecidas. No se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre las variables de composición corporal (es decir, grasa corporal, masa corporal magra, contenido mineral óseo) y la ingesta dietética (es decir, energía, macronutrientes y vitaminas y minerales seleccionados). Estos hallazgos sugieren que los entrenadores y los practicantes deberían prestar mucha atención a la ingesta dietética y la composición corporal de los atletas de resistencia que comienzan la preparación general para la competencia. Se justifican estudios futuros sobre los cambios en la ingesta dietética y la composición corporal durante la fase fuera de temporada y competitiva, como también un seguimiento de la actividad física.

Effects of home confinement on physical activity, nutrition, and sleep quality during the COVID-19 outbreak in amateur and elite athletes.

Introduction: Despite the progress in the management of the pandemic caused by COVID-19, it is necessary to continue exploring and explaining how this situation affected the athlete population around the world to improve their circumstances and reduce the negative impact of changes in their lifestyle conditions that were necessitated due to the pandemic. The aim of this study was to analyze the moderating influence of physical activity (PA) and dietary habits on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic experience on sleep quality in elite and amateur athletes. Materials and methods: A total of 1,420 elite (40.1%) and amateur (59.9%) athletes (41% women; 59% men) from 14 different countries participated in a cross-sectional design study. Data were collected using a battery of questionnaires that identified sociodemographic data, sleep quality index, PA levels, dietary habits, and the athletes' perception of their experience during the COVID-19 pandemic. Means and standard deviations were calculated for each variable. The analysis of variances and the correlation between variables were carried out with non-parametric statistics. A simple moderation effect was calculated to analyze the interaction between PA or dietary habits on the perception of the COVID-19 experience effect on sleep quality in elite and amateur athletes. Results: The PA level of elite athletes was higher than amateur athletes during COVID-19 (p < 0.001). However, the PA level of both categories of athletes was lower during COVID-19 than pre-COVID-19 (p < 0.01). In addition, amateurs had a higher diet quality than elite athletes during the pandemic (p = 0.014). The perception of the COVID-19 experience as controllable was significantly higher (p = 0.020) among elite athletes. In addition, two moderating effects had significant interactions. For amateur athletes, the PA level moderated the effect of controllable COVID-19 experience on sleep quality [F (3,777) = 3.05; p = 0.028], while for elite athletes, the same effect was moderated by dietary habits [F (3,506) = 4.47, p = 0.004]. Conclusion: Elite athletes had different lifestyle behaviors compared to amateurs during the COVID-19 lockdown. Furthermore, the relevance of maintaining high levels of PA for amateurs and good quality dietary habits by elite athletes was noted by the moderating effect that both variables had on the influence of the controllable experience during the COVID-19 pandemic on sleep quality.

Análisis cienciométrico de la producción científica sobre la hipoxantina y xantina en el ejercicio, publicada en la base de datos Scopus (2016-2021) / Scientometric Analysis of the Scientific Production on Hypoxanthine and Xanthine in Exercise, Published in Scopus Database (2016-2021)

La hipoxantina y la xantina son biomarcadores metabólicos que resultan de la degradación de las proteínas purinas. Los análisis cienciométricos constituyen una herramienta para estudiar las publicaciones científicas en torno a un determinado tema con la finalidad de determinar tendencias en la literatura. Se realizó un análisis cienciométrico de la producción científica reciente sobre la hipoxantina y xantina en el ejercicio, publicada en la base de datos Scopus durante el período 2016 - 2021. Para la búsqueda en Scopus se utilizaron las palabras clave en idioma inglés: exercise, hypoxanthine y xanthine. Se realizó un análisis cuantitativo, tomando en cuenta los artículos encontrados, así como la información proporcionada por el software VOSviewer. Se identificaron 64 artículos, de estos, 56 fueron de investigación aplicada y ocho de revisión. La categoría de efecto del ejercicio tuvo una mayor cantidad de estudios con 23; dentro de esta se encuentra la subcategoría de metabolismo que presentó 21 artículos. Tanto Estados Unidos como Polonia son los países con mayor número de publicaciones. Existen distintos enfoques y protocolos de ejercicio utilizados para cuantificar la respuesta de la hipoxantina y xantina, así como los perfiles de los sujetos de estudio utilizados como muestra para las investigaciones. La cuantificación de hipoxantina y xantina en el cuerpo es importante para la investigación en el campo de las ciencias del ejercicio(AU)

Hypoxanthine and xanthine are metabolic biomarkers that result from the degradation of purine proteins. Scientometric analyzes constitute a tool to study scientific publications around a certain topic in order to determine trends in the literature. A scientometric analysis was carried out of the recent scientific production on hypoxanthine and xanthine in exercise, published in Scopus database during the period 2016-2021. For the search in Scopus, we used the English keywords exercise, hypoxanthine and xanthine. A quantitative analysis was carried out, taking into account the articles found, as well as the information provided by VOSviewer software. Sixty-four articles were identified, 56 of them were applied research and eight were review. The exercise effect category had a larger number of studies (23). Here there is a subcategory of metabolism that had 21 articles. The United States and Poland are both the countries with the highest number of publications. There are different approaches and exercise protocols used to quantify the response of hypoxanthine and xanthine, as well as the profiles of the study subjects used as a sample for the investigations. The quantification of hypoxanthine and xanthine in the body is important for research in the field of exercise science(AU)

Ultrashort Versus Criterion Heart Rate Variability Among International-Level Girls' Field Hockey Players.

PURPOSE: To assess heart rate (HR) variability responses to various markers of training load, quantify associations between HR variability and fitness, and compare responses and associations between 1-minute ultrashort and 5-minute criterion measures among a girls' field hockey team. METHODS: A total of 11 players (16.8 [1.1] y) recorded the logarithm of the root mean square of successive differences (LnRMSSD) daily throughout a 4-week training camp. The weekly mean (LnRMSSDM) and coefficient of variation (LnRMSSDCV) were analyzed. The internal training load (ITL) and external training load (ETL) were acquired with session HR and accelerometry, respectively. Speed, agility, repeated sprint ability, and intermittent fitness were assessed precamp and postcamp. RESULTS: Similar increases in the ultrashort and criterion LnRMSSDM were observed in week 3 versus week 1 (P < .05-.06, effect size [ES] = 0.28 to 0.36). The ultrashort and criterion LnRMSSDCV showed small ES reductions in week 2 (ES = -0.40 to -0.50), moderate reductions in week 3 (ES = -0.61 to -0.72), and small reductions in week 4 (ES = -0.42 to -0.51) versus week 1 (P > .05). Strong agreement was observed between the ultrashort and criterion values (intraclass correlation coefficient = .979). The ITL:ETL ratio peaked in week 1 (P < .05 vs weeks 2-4), displaying a weekly pattern similar to LnRMSSDCV, and inversely similar to LnRMSSDM. Changes in the ultrashort and criterion LnRMSSDCV from week 1 to 4 were associated with ITL (P < .01). The ultrashort and criterion LnRMSSDCV in week 4 were associated (P < .05) with postcamp fitness. CONCLUSIONS: The ultrashort HR variability parameters paralleled the criterion responses, and the associations with ITL and fitness were similar in magnitude.

Does A Multiple-Sport Intervention Based on the TGfU Pedagogical Model for Physical Education Increase Physical Fitness in Primary School Children?

Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) is one of the pedagogical models used for increasing health through physical education (PE), being associated with several psychological benefits. However, only few studies have studied the effect of TGfU on physical fitness. This study aims at assessing the changes in students' physical fitness after a six-month TGfU-based program with primary school children. A total of eight schools from the state of Sonora (Mexico) were randomly distributed into experimental (EG) and control group (CG). The final sample consisted of 188 pupils (100 boys, 88 girls; age = 10.22 ± 0.76 years) from the 5th and 6th grade. Employing a quasi-experimental design, physical fitness was assessed by means of the Eurofit test battery. At post-test, EG obtained significantly higher scores than CG in flexibility, abdominals, speed (p < 0.001), handgrip (p = 0.002), low-limb power (p = 0.032), and cardiorespiratory fitness (p = 0.048). Our findings suggest that TGfU can be a valid alternative to traditional methodologies not only when the aim of a PE unit is to stimulate the cognitive domain, but also for the development of physical fitness attributes that may help pupils develop in a comprehensive manner.

Competitive Recovery-Stress and Mood States in Mexican Youth Athletes.

BACKGROUND: Monitoring recovery-stress balance in sport is becoming more relevant to prevent training maladaptation and reach the optimal performance for each athlete. The use of questionnaires that identify the athlete's recovery-stress state have much acceptance in sports due to reliability and useful, furthermore for its low cost. Identifying possible differences between sport modalities and sex is important to determine specific needs and possible intervention ways to keep a recovery-stress balance. The aim was to analyze the differences in the recovery-stress state and mood states by sex and sport type during the competitive phase in young Mexican athletes. As a secondary objective, the psychometric properties of the Mexican version of the Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes (RESTQ-Sport) were analyzed. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried on with 461 athletes (61% women and 39% men), 17.95 (±1.2) years old, from six sports disciplines. The RESTQ-Sport and Profile of Mood States (POMS) were applied in a single moment. Differences by sex and sports modality were analyzed. RESTQ-Sport's confirmatory factor analysis was performed after the stress and recovery theoretical structure of two stress (general and sport) and two recovery (general and sport) dimensions, and last, the concurrent validation with the POMS was carried on. RESULTS: Significant differences by sex were found in the General Recovery and Sport Stress dimensions of the RESTQ-Sport as well as Vigor factor of the POMS, being higher for men; furthermore, both the Sport Recovery dimension of RESTQ-Sport and Cholera and the Fatigue and Depression factors from POMS also had differences by sport type, showing a less recovery and high stress for individual sport athletes. Goodness-of-fit indexes of the model for the RESTQ-Sport were acceptable. Pearson's correlation between questionnaires was moderate (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The recovery-stress state shows differences in the function of sex and sport modality. More special attention is suggested for women and individual sport athletes. The higher punctuation for men compared with women in sport stress dimension did not negatively affect the recovery-stress balance for male athletes. Finally, the Mexican context adaptation of the RESTQ-Sport provides a psychometric instrument suitable to assess the recovery-stress balance in Mexican athletes.

Impact of the internal training load over recovery-stress balance in endurance runners / Impacto de la carga de entrenamiento interna sobre el balance de estrés-recuperación en corredores de resistencia

The aim of the research was to analyze the response in the recovery-stress balance perception and the internal training load in resistance runners. 18 trained runners (age: 20.1±2.7 years, weight: 64.2±7.63kg, height, 174.32±6.2cm, VO2max: 57.54±7.34L), participate in tests of 800m (five), 1500m (four), 3000m steeplechase (one), 5000m (five), 10,000m (one) and 21km (two). Three weeks of training monitoring was performed, in which two were of moderate load and one of intense load. The daily S-RPE (Foster et al., 2001) and weekly RESTQ-Sport were applied to evaluate the perception of training load and recovery-stress balance. The Shapiro-Wilk normality test was performed. A variance analysis was applied through the Friedman test, with post hoc Wilcoxon. The Spearman correlation coefficient between the RESTQ-Sport scales and the weekly S-RPE was analyzed. The results indicate that the S-RPE presented significant variations between the weeks, with week three reflecting the greater internal training load perceived. With respect to RESTQ-Sport, only the scale Disturbed Breaks (DB) shown significant differences, being this a specific scale of the sport, reflecting an increase in the perception of stress by the intensity of the training. There were no significant correlations, however, the S-RPE and the Disturbed breaks scale increased in week 3. The results coincide with other previous investigations in which the relationship between the increase in the training loads and the perception of this by the athletes (AU)

El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar la respuesta sobre la percepción del balance estrés-recuperación y la carga interna del entrenamiento en corredores de resistencia. 18 corredores de resistencia entrenados (edad: 20.1±2.7 años, peso: 64.2±7.63kg, estatura, 174.32±6.2cm, VO2max: 57.54±7.34L), participantes en pruebas de 800m (cinco), 1500m (cuatro), 3000m con obstáculos (uno), 5000m (cinco), 10,000m (uno) and 21km (dos). Se monitorearon tres semanas de entrenamiento, dos se realizaron con carga moderada y una con carga intensa. Se utilizó el S-RPE (Foster et al., 2001) diariamente y el RESTQ-Sport semanalmente para evaluar la percepción de estrés-recuperación. Se examinó la normalidad a través de la prueba Shapiro-Wilk y el análisis de varianza a través del test de Friedman con post hoc de Wilcoxon. Se analizó el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman entre las escalas del RESTQ-sport y el S-RPE semanal. El S-RPE tuvo diferencias significativas entre las semanas. La semana 3 presentó la mayor percepción de carga. interna del entrenamiento. El RESTQ-Sport presentó diferencias significativas en la escala de Periodos de Descanso Alterados (PDA), siendo ésta una escala específica del deporte, reflejando un incremento en la percepción de estrés debido a la intensidad del entrenamiento. No se presentaron correlaciones significativas, sin embargo, el S-RPE y la escala PDA muestran un incremento en la semana 3. Los resultados coinciden con estudios previos que señalan una relación entre el incremento de las cargas de entrenamiento y la percepción por parte de los atletas (AU)

Effect of consecutive matches on heart rate variability in elite volleyball players / Efecto de partidos consecutivos sobre la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca en jugadores elite de voleibol / Efeito de jogos consecutivos na variabilidade da frequência cardíaca em jogadores de vôlei de elite

The objective of this study was to observe and determine changes in HRV parameters in volleyball players during the Mexican national professional volleyball league. Heart rate was monitored in 12 athletes (age 22.60 ± 3.4) for four months during weekends (Saturdays and Sundays). Three measures were taken during each match-day: the first at rest (REST), the second in the afternoon after the matches of the first day (R2), and the third after the matches of the second day (R4). Data were analyzed with ANOVA and the Bonferroni method. We found a difference between REST and R2 and R4 in SDNN (98.66 ± 62.50 vs. 50.35 ± 26.33 ms, p < .001; 59.24 ± 22.11, p < .001 for R2 and R4 respectively), rMSSD (43.49 ± 34.60 vs. 24.33 ± 18.89, p < .05; 28.44 ± 16.70, p < .05 for R2 and R4, respectively), pNN50 (30.37 ± 21.47% vs. 12.09 ± 16.56, p < .001; 13.30 ± 13.64, p < .001 for R2 and R4 respectively), SD1 (45.84 ± 30.17 ms vs. 22.83 ± 17.30, p < .001; 28.01 ± 14.94, p <.01 for R2 and R4, respectively) and SD2 (123.18 ± 53.67 ms vs. 65.58 ± 32.42, p < .001; 79.06 ± 28.33, p < .001 for R2 and R4, respectively). There were no significant differences between R2 and R4. These results show that heart rate variability helps determine changes after several matches in sympathetic and parasympathetic modulation in volleyball players, and that this provides information on athletes’ physical performance (AU)

El objetivo del estudio fue realizar observar y determinar los cambios en la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca (VFC) de un equipo de voleibol masculino durante su participación en la liga profesional nacional de México. Se registró a 12 atletas (Edad 22.60 ± 3.4) por cuatro meses durante el fin de semana (sábado y domingo). En cada jornada se realizaron tres mediciones, la primera por la mañana en reposo (REST); la segunda por la tarde al finalizar los partidos del primer día (R2) y la tercera al finalizar los partido del segundo día (R4). Los datos se analizaron con el test ANOVA y el test de Bonferroni. Se encontró diferencia entre REST con respecto a la R2 y con la R4 en SDNN (98.66±62.50 ms vs. 50.35±26.33, p < .001; 59.24±22.11, p < .001 para R2 y R4 respectivamente), en la rMSSD (43.49±34.60 ms vs. 24.33±18.89, p < .05; 28.44±16.70, p < .05 para R2 y R4 respectivamente), en el pNN50 (30.37±21.47 % vs. 12.09±16.56, p < .001; 13.30±13.64, p < .001 para R2 y R4 respectivamente), en SD1 (45.84±30.17 ms vs. 22.83±17.30, p < .001; 28.01±14.94, p < .01 para R2 y R4 respectivamente) y en SD2 (123.18±53.67 ms vs. 65.58±32.42, p < .001; 79.06±28.33, p < .001 para R2 y R4 respectivamente), entre la R2 y la R4 no hay diferencias significativas. Los resultados indican que en jugadores de voleibol posterior a varios partidos permite determinar los cambios en la modulación simpática y parasimpática a través de la VFC brindando información sobre el estado de rendimiento físico de los atletas (AU)

O objetivo do estudo foi realizar, observar e determinar mudanças na variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) da equipe de voleibol dos homens, enquanto participavam na nacional liga profissional México. Foram registrados 12 atletas (entre 22,60 ± 3,4 anos de idade) por quatro meses durante o fim de semana (sábado e domingo). Cada dia se realizaram três medições, a primeira de manhã em repouso (REST); a segunda pela tarde no final das primeiros jogos do dia (R2) e a terceira na parte final das jogos do segundo dia (R4). Os dados foram analisados com o teste ANOVA e teste de Bonferroni. Uma diferença foi encontrada entre o REST no que diz respeito a R2 e R4 em SDNN (98,66 ± 62,50 ms vs 50,35 ± 26,33 ms, p < 0,001; 59,24 ± 22,11, p < 0,001 para R2 e R4, respectivamente), em rMSSD (43,49 ± 34,60 ms vs 24,33 ± 18,89, p < 0,05; 28,44 ± 16,70, p < 0,05, para R2 e R4, respectivamente), no pNN50 (30,37 ± 21,47% vs 12,09 ± 16,56%, p < 0,001; 13,30 ± 13,64, p < 0,001 para R2 e R4, respectivamente), SD1 (45,84 ± 30.17 ms vs. 22,83 ± 17,30, p < 0,001; 28,01 ± 14,94, p < 0,01 para R2 e R4, respectivamente) e no SD2 (123,18 ± 53,67 ms vs 65,58 ± 32,42 ms, p < 0,001; 79,06 ± 28,33, p < 0,001 para R2 e R4, respectivamente), entre R2 e R4 não há diferenças significativas. Os resultados indicam que, nos jogadores de vôlei trás várias jogos, permite determinar alterações na modulação simpático e parassimpático através do VFC fornecendo informações sobre o estado de desempenho físico dos atletas (AU)

Cortisol y estrés-recuperación durante un periodo competitivo en jugadores de balonmano / Cortisol e estresse-recuperação durante um período competitivo em jogadores de handebol / Cortisol and recovery-stress during a competitive period in handball players

El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar los niveles de cortisol en plasma y su relación con la percepción de los niveles de estrés y recuperación en jugadores de balonmano durante un periodo de entrenamiento y competición. Participaron 14 jugadores de balonmano durante una competición nacional. Se recogieron un total de seis muestras de cortisol y se hicieron cuatro aplicaciones del RESTQ-Sport. Se observó disminución significativa (p < .01) en los niveles de cortisol post-competición (162.22 ± 69.83 ng/mL) en relación a la pre-competición (243.81 ± 36.46 ng/mL). Las sub-escalas de estrés general, estrés emocional, fatiga, recuperación física, calidad de sueño y periodos de descanso alterados del RESTQ-Sport presentaron cambios significativos entre las tomas pre y post-competición. Se encontró una correlación positiva entre los niveles de cortisol y la subescala de éxito (rho = .53; p < .05) y una negativa con la de lesiones (rho = -.57; p < .05). El estudio apoya el concepto de la respuesta anticipatoria del cortisol en relación a la competición. Además, proporciona mayor evidencia de la influencia del entrenamiento y la competición sobre la percepción del estrés-recuperación, resaltando la importancia de un registro psicofisiológico y hormonal con el objetivo de alcanzar un rendimiento deportivo óptimo (AU)

The aim of the study was to analyze plasma cortisol levels and their relation with the perception of recovery-stress balance in handball players during a training and competition period. Fourteen handball players took part in the study during a major competition. Data were collected from six blood samples in order to measure cortisol, and from four applications of the RESTQ-Sport for stress-recovery balance assessment. Compared to pre-competition (243.81 ± 36.46 ng/mL), a significative decrease (p < .01) in cortisol levels was observed in post-competition (162.22 ± 69.83 ng/mL). The RESTQ-Sport subscales general stress, emotional stress, fatigue, physical recovery, sleep quality, and disturbed breaks showed significant changes between pre and post-competition. Cortisol levels were found to have positive correlation with success subscale (rho = .53; p < .05), whilst negative with fitness/injury subscale (rho = -.57; p < .05). Our findings support the idea of an anticipatory cortisol response to competition. Moreover, they provide further evidence on the influence of training over recovery-stress perception, emphasizing the importance of the psychophysiological and hormonal monitoring in order to achieve optimal athletic performance (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os níveis de cortisol plasmático e sua relação com a percepção dos níveis de estresse e recuperação em jogadores de handebol durante um treinamento e competição. Participaram 14 jogadores de handebol durante uma competição nacional. Um total de seis amostras de cortisol foram recolhidas e quatro aplicações do RESTQ-Sport foram feitas. Foi observada uma diminuição significativa (p < .01) nos níveis de cortisol pós-competição (162,22 ± 69,83 ng / mL) em relação ao pré-competição (243,81 ± 36,46 ng / mL). As sub-escalas de estresse geral, estresse emocional, fadiga, recuperação física, qualidade do sono e de repouso alterados do RESTQ-Sport mostrou mudanças significativas entre as ingestões pré e pós-competição. Se encontrou uma correlação positiva entre os níveis de cortisol e a sub-escala de sucesso (rho = 0,53; p < .05) e uma correlação negativa com lesão (rho = -.57; p < .05). O estudo apoia o conceito de resposta do cortisol antecipatória em relação à competição. Ele também fornece mais uma prova da influência do treinamento e competição na percepção de estresse-recuperação, destacando a importância de um registo psicofisiológica e hormonal a fim de alcançar o desempenho atlético ideal (AU)

Estrés oxidativo y capacidad antioxidante en deportistas con dieta rica en antioxidantes con zarzamora (Rubus sp) / Estresse oxidativo e capacidade antioxidante nos atletas com dieta rica em antioxidantes com amora-preta (Rubus sp) / Oxidative stress in athletes with antioxidant-rich diet of blackberry (Rubus sp)

Objetivo. Identificar el comportamiento del Estrés Oxidativo (EO) en atletas con y sin la ingesta de dieta rica en antioxidantes durante el periodo competitivo. Métodos. Se evaluaron a 14 atletas de alto rendimiento del equipo de balonmano, quienes fueron distribuidos 7 en un grupo experimental y 7 en un grupo control (con y sin ingesta de zarzamora, respectivamente). El consumo de la bebida de zarzamora o placebo para ambos grupos, fue de una dosis diaria durante 15 días (7 días en la etapa de pre competencia, 7 días durante el periodo de competencia y una dosis 24h después de finalizar la competencia). Se cuantificó el EO (i.e. prueba d-ROMs, unidades Cornelli, U. Cor.) y la capacidad total antioxidante (CTA) en plasma (i.e. prueba PAT, unidades Carratelli, U. Carr.), en 4 momentos: (1) reposo (1 semana previa a competencia, antes del suministro de bebida); (2) pre competencia (una semana antes de la competencia); (3) al final de competencia y (4) a las 24 h después de la competencia. Resultados. En el grupo experimental, el EO disminuyó de manera significativa (p = .018) al comparar la toma en reposo con la toma previa a la competencia después de 7 días de la ingesta de la dieta rica en antioxidantes. El grupo control presentó aumentos significativos de la CTA en la toma previa a competencia (p = .028) así como al final de la misma (p = .046), con respecto a la toma en reposo. Conclusión. El EO se incrementa después de la competencia y estimula la CTA. La ingesta de la dieta rica en antioxidantes es favorable en el entrenamiento previo a la competencia ya que promueve la regulación del EO, disminuyendo los valores del mismo (AU)

Objective. Identify Oxidative Stress (OS) behavior in athletes with and without the intake of an antioxidant-rich diet during a competitive period. Methods.14 high-performance athletes of handball team were evaluated. Two groups were established: 7 in an experimental group (blackberry intake) and 7 in a control group (with and without the intake of blackberry, respectively). The intake of blackberry beverage or placebo for both groups was a daily dose for 15 days (7 days in the pre-competition stage, 7 days during the competition period and a dose 24h after the end of the competition). OS (i.e. d-ROMs test, Cornelli units, U.Cor.) and the Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) (i.e. PAT test, Carratelli units, U. Carr.) on plasma, were quantified at 4 moments: (1) resting (1 week before the competition, before the beverage intake); (2) pre-competition (one week before the competition); (3) at the end of the competition; and (4) 24 hours after the competition. Results. On the experimental group, OS was significantly reduced (p =.018) comparing resting takes with the pre-competition, after 7 days of the antioxidant-rich diet. The control group had a significant rise on TAC presented in precompetition (p =.028) as well as at end of competition (p =.046) compared to the resting take. Conclusion. The OS rises after competition and stimulates the TAC. The intake of an antioxidant-rich diet is helpful on pre-competition training since it promotes the regulation of OS, diminishing its levels (AU)

Objetivo. Identificar o comportamento do estresse oxidativo (EO) em atletas com e sem a ingestão de dieta rica em antioxidantes durante o período competitivo. Métodos. Foram avaliadas 14 atletas de alto rendimento da equipe de handebol, que foram distribuídos em 7 num grupo experimental e 7 num grupo de controlo (com e sem ingestão de amora, respectivamente). O consumo da amora bebida ou placebo em ambos os grupos era uma dose diária durante 15 dias (7 dias no pré competição, 7 dias durante a competição e uma dose 24 horas depois de terminar a competição). O EO foi quantificado (i.e. prova d-ROMs, unidades Cornelli, U. Cor.) e a capacidade antioxidante total (CAT) no plasma (isto é, teste de PAT, unidades Carratelli, U. Carr.) em 4 fases: (1) repouso (uma semana antes da competição antes do fornecimento de bebida); (2) pré-competição (uma semana antes da competição); (3) no fim da competição e (4) às 24 h após a competição. Resultados. No grupo experimental, o EO diminuiu significativamente (p = 0,018) comparando a toma em repouso com a toma anterior à competição após 7 dias de ingestão da dieta rica em antioxidantes. O grupo de controlo teve aumentos significativos no CAT na toma previa à competição (p = .028) e no final da mesma (p = .046), com respeito à toma em repouso. Conclusão. O EO aumenta após da competição e estimula o CAT. A ingestão de dieta rica em antioxidantes é favorável no treinamento pré-competição, uma vez que promove a regulação da EO, diminuindo os valores do mesmo (AU)