[Standardization of the data reported in nasopharyngeal and fluoroscopy study of the velopharyngeal sphincter]. / Estandarización de los datos reportados en estudios de nasofaringoscopía y fluoroscopía del esfínter velofaríngeo.

There is a certain global awareness to unify the reports of the findings with the Fiber Optic Endoscopy and The Fluoroscopy in the Velopharyngeal Sphincter. The evaluation must be made by specialists. Nasopharyngoscopy: The required equipment is the nasopharyngoscope with a source of light. A videotape is desirable although not necessary. The report must be descriptive and should arrive at precise conclusions. The following are described: 1) nasal phosae, 2) meatus, 3) the exit orifice of the Eustachian Tube, 4) oropharyx, 5) velopharyngeal sphincter (posterior and lateral pharyngeal walls, and the palatal velum), 6) the closing pattern (form, separate structure, at rest, and in phonation), and 7) larynx. Fluoroscopy: It is useful to evaluate the lateral pharyngeal walls as well as the level at which the velopharyngela sphincter closes. The fluoroscopy is not required in every combination instance. Nevertheless, when it is used, it must be in complement with the nasopharyngoscopy. The videotape is not indispensable. Frontal, lateral, and basal incidences must always be performed.

[Basic disorders in human communication]. / Perturbaciones básicas en la comunicación humana.

This paper specifies the areas and disorders that concern human communication medicine. The frequency of the diverse disorders is analyzed in relation to age and sex, and the distribution in group ages of several disabling diseases is also discussed.