ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of urine incontinence (UI) among the over-60 population treated in primary care, identifying the types and associated epidemiological factors. DESIGN: Descriptive and crossover. SETTING: Primary care. PATIENTS: Sample of 400 people aged 60 or over, stratified by sex and chosen from those who attended their health centre spontaneously for a consultation. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Age, sex, chronic illnesses, treatments, previous childbirths, grade of immobility and presence or absence of involuntary discharge of urine. If the reply was positive: frequency, characteristics and evolution of UI, and prior consultations on the problem were also measured. 400 people (254 women and 146 men). Mean age: 71 (SD = 7.3 years). 145 people (36.2%) recognised they had UI. 43.3% of women and 23.9% of men (p < 0.001) were incontinent. UI prevalence increased with age: 31.7% among the 60-69 year old group; 35% among the 70-79 group; and 53.3% in those over 80. Among women the most common types are stress and urge incontinence, whereas among men the most common are urge and overflow UI. UI prevalence is greater among women with previous childbirths and among immobile patients. Of the 145 people who recognised their UI, only 31 (21.3%) had previously consulted the doctor on this problem, although men had consulted significantly more than women (40% vs. 15.4%; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Over a third of the people over 60 in our clinics suffer from UI. Prevalence increases with age and is greater among women, especially if there is a history of childbirth. Urge UI predominates among men and stress UI among women. Most people with UI do not consult concerning their problem, for which reason, so as to identify it and adopt corrective measures, women especially must be systematically asked about the symptom.
Subject(s)
Primary Health Care , Urinary Incontinence/epidemiology , Age Distribution , Aged , Chi-Square Distribution , Confidence Intervals , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Patient Selection , Poverty/statistics & numerical data , Prevalence , Primary Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Sex Distribution , Spain/epidemiology , Urban Population/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of the consumption of psychiatric drugs (PD) among people attending the clinic and to relate that consumption to their sociodemographic characteristics and the presence of psychiatric symptoms. DESIGN: Crossover descriptive study. SETTING: Primary Care. PATIENTS: 350 patients over 14, chosen at random from among those who attended the clinic over an eight-week period. INTERVENTIONS: 1) Questionnaire on sociodemographic data and PD consumption; 2) Self-filling of the GHQ-60 (cut-off point 10/11); and 3) Review of the clinical records to determine the kind of PD, dosage, prescriber, chronic illnesses and the number of consultations over the previous year. RESULTS: 301 (86%) completed the study, 21% consumed PDs. 82% were women. The most consumed PDs were: benzodiazepine (74%) and anti-depressives (34%). CONCLUSIONS: There is a high percentage of PD consumers among people who attend the clinic, especially among women, elderly people, the chronically ill, people living alone and those inactive outside the home. The most commonly used pharmacological group was the benzodiazepines. Almost half the patients had psychiatric symptoms, especially those who lived alone and had no activity outside the home.
Subject(s)
Primary Health Care , Psychotropic Drugs/therapeutic use , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Primary Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Random Allocation , Socioeconomic Factors , Spain , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of children with Cryptorchidism in our milieu. DESIGN: Crossover study. SETTING: Specialist care. PATIENTS: 159 children referred from Primary Care for a Cryptorchidism study. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Average age of detection: 1.5-3 years. Laterality: 120 unilateral (73 right and 47 left) and 39 bilateral. Family history of Cryptorchidism in 33 cases (20.7%). 68 children (42.7%) had some anatomical malformation associated with poor testicular descent. This percentage was significantly higher in children with bilateral Cryptorchidism than with unilateral (61.5% vs 36.6%; p < 0.05). Nine children defined with multiple malformation syndromes. Location of the testes after palpation: 29.3% not able to be palpated, 22.7% high inguinal, 23.2% low inguinal, 17.1% sliding, 5% retractile and 2.5% scrotal. All cases showed normal in the hormonal study, except one case of Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnoses of Cryptorchidism were not early. Family history and associated malformations in the body himself often exist. Hormonal levels are normal. Echography is of little use in locating testes that cannot be palpated.
