Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in house dust in Central Poland.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants in numerous products, from which they are emitted to the environment, including house dust. House dust is a source of human exposure to these compounds by ingestion. The aim of this article was to determine the levels of selected PBDEs in the house dust and indicate their potential sources of origin. PBDE congeners: BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-153 and BDE-209, were analyzed in 129 samples. The geometric mean levels (and 95% CIs) of the aforementioned congeners amounted to 3.8 (3.1-4.7) ng/g, 4.5 (3.5-5.6) ng/g, 2.2 (2.1-2.4) ng/g and 345 (269-442) ng/g respectively. BDE-209 was the dominant congener in the majority of tested samples. We found a statistically significant correlation between the concentrations of BDE-47 and the computer operating time per day (rs - 0.18) and the living area (rs - 0.20). Statistically significant higher levels of BDE-99 were found in homes where the floor was not replaced during the last 2 years.

No association between body mass index and sperm DNA integrity.

STUDY QUESTION: Is overweight associated with impaired sperm DNA integrity? SUMMARY ANSWER: High body mass index (BMI) is not associated with impaired sperm DNA integrity as assessed by the DNA Fragmentation Index (DFI). WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Previous studies, based on fewer subjects and including mainly subfertile men, have shown conflicting results regarding the influence of overweight and obesity on sperm DNA integrity. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: This cross-sectional study was based on semen samples from 1503 men from the general population. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: We included two cohorts (cohort A and B) of military recruits (n = 275, n = 304, respectively), one group (cohort C) of fertile men and men without known fertility problems (n = 724), and one group (cohort D) of men between 19 and 40 years without known fertility problems (n = 200). In all cohorts, data were available on BMI, DFI as measured by the sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA), standard semen characteristics, and potential confounders (age, abstinence time, smoking habits). The subjects were categorized according to BMI into four groups: underweight (<18.5 kg/m(2)), normal weight (18.5-24.9 kg/m(2)), overweight (25.0-29.9 kg/m(2)) and obese (≥30.0 kg/m(2)). Using a linear regression model, the inter-group differences in DFI were calculated. Furthermore with the normal-weight group as the reference, the odds ratios (ORs) for DFI > 20% and DFI > 30%, were calculated for the other groups. Calculations were made for the material as a whole and after exclusion of cohort C which included proven fertile men. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: We found that normal-weight men had significantly higher DFI than overweight men, with a mean difference of 1.13% (95% CI: 1.05-1.22%); P = 0.001). Overweight men had a reduced risk of having DFI ≥ 20% and DFI ≥ 30%, compared with normal-weight men; adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.61 (95% CI: 0.42-0.88; P < 0.01) and adjusted OR = 0.48 (95% CI: 0.28-0.84; P < 0.01), respectively. When excluding cohort C, the statistical significance was lost. Regarding standard semen parameters, we found that obese men had a higher percentage of progressive motile spermatozoa than normal-weight men; mean difference 1.15% (95% CI: 1.02-1.30%, P < 0.05) but the significance was lost when excluding cohort C. All other standard semen parameters were unaffected by BMI. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: A main limitation might be the cross-sectional nature of the data. Furthermore our study included a significant proportion of men with proven fertility (75% of cohort C, n = 550), and could therefore be biased toward fertility. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Our study indicates that overweight per se is not associated with a higher level of sperm DNA damage. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS: This research has been given grants from the following: EU 5th and 7th framework program (Inuendo and Clear projects, [Contracts no. QLK4-CT-2001-00202 and FP7-ENV-2008-1-226217)]), the Swedish Research Council (Grants No. 2007-2590, 521-2004-6072 and 521-2002-3907); the Swedish Governmental Funding for Clinical Research, Skåne county council's research and development foundation, MAS Funds, University Hospital MAS Foundation in Malmö, Crafoordska Fund, Ove Tulefjords Fund, Foundation for Urological Research, Fundacion Federico SA, and Gunnar Nilssons Cancer Fund. The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

Characterising the individual health risk in infants exposed to organochlorine pesticides via breast milk by applying appropriate margins of safety derived from estimated daily intakes.

Milk secretion being an important way of elimination of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) poses a concern due to potential risk for breastfed infants. This study aims to provide a tool for assessing such risks to infants exposed to OCPs (through accumulation in the mother's body), using calculated individual margins of safety (MoS). Selected OCPs included; p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE, ß-HCH, γ-HCH and HCB which were analysed in 28 samples of maternal milk. The highest intakes were recorded for p,p'-DDE (at 2.90 µg kg(-1)bw d(-1)) whilst the lowest was for γ-HCH, (at 0.019 µg kg(-1)bwd(-1)). For the risk characterisation purposes MoSs were calculated for the compounds for which toxicological reference values (e.g. ADI, TDI) were adopted. The MoS for average ∑DDT concentrations was found to be relatively low (2.82) somewhat similar to that for HCB at 7.08, and for γ-HCH, the MoS was substantially higher at 263.1. This, however does not take into account the extremely high individual concentrations. Thus, it was decided to calculate estimated daily intake (EDI) values based on OCP levels in individual milk samples. MoS levels of <1 (meaning unacceptable risk) were noted both for HCB in one sample as well as for ∑DDT in 3 samples indicating likely threats to infant's health. The lowest MoS noted for γ-HCH equalled to 60.6, indicating that this compound was not a threat to the health of any of the breastfed infants from the study group.