Outcomes of human leukocyte antigen-matched related donor and haploidentical allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients by immune profiles of recipients and donors.

BACKGROUND: Haploidentical (Haplo) allogeneic HCTs (alloHCT) have been used more frequently over the last decade as survival is similar to HLA-matched related donor (MRD) alloHCTs. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to identify donor and recipient immune signatures before alloHCT that are associated with clinically meaningful outcomes in MRD vs Haplo alloHCT recipients. STUDY DESIGN: This retrospective cohort study of 165 MRD (n=132) and Haplo (n=33) alloHCT recipients and their related donors between 2007-2019 with paired peripheral blood samples immunophenotyped for T-cell, B-cell, NK cell and dendritic cell (DC) subsets. Immune cells were quantified before alloHCT in donors and recipients; calculations of immune cell ratios were classified as high, intermediate, and low and analyzed with alloHCT outcomes. RESULTS: Haplo donors were younger than MRD donors (median: 35 vs 51 years), whereas Haplo recipients were older than MRD recipients (median: 68 vs 54 years), were more likely to have a Karnofsky Performance Score ≤70 (76% vs 57%), 3+ comorbidities (54% vs 47%), and were in complete remission prior to alloHCT (58% vs 42%). In MRD alloHCT, a lower ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ effector memory cells in the donor was associated with lower 4-yr overall survival (OS; 25% v 61%; p=0.009), lower 4-yr progression free survival (PFS; 25% v 58%; p=0.014) and higher incidence of 1-yr transplant-related mortality (TRM; 39% v 7%; p=0.009) in recipients. A higher ratio of CD8+ effector memory to total NK cells measured in MRD recipients was associated with a higher incidence of grade II-IV aGvHD (63% v 37%; p=0.004) but was not statistically significant for III-IV aGvHD (23% v 12%). In Haplo alloHCT, a lower ratio of total T-regulatory to CD4+ central memory cells in the donor was associated with lower 4-yr PFS (22% v 60%; p=0.0091). A higher ratio of CD4+ effector memory to CD8+ effector memory cells measured in Haplo recipients pre-alloHCT was associated with lower 4-yr OS (25% v 88%; p=0.0039). In both MRD and Haplo recipients, a higher ratio of CD4+ naïve to CD4+ central memory cells was associated with a higher incidence of grade II-IV aGvHD (64% v 38%; p=0.04). CONCLUSION: Evaluation of pre-alloHCT immune signatures of the donor and recipient may influence clinically meaningful patient outcomes in both MRD and Haplo transplants.

Real-World and Clinical Trial Outcomes in Large B-cell Lymphoma with Axicabtagene Ciloleucel Across Race and Ethnicity.

Axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel) is an autologous anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy approved for treatment of relapsed/refractory (R/R) large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL). Despite extensive data supporting the use of axi-cel in patients with LBCL, outcomes stratified by race and ethnicity groups are limited. Here, we report clinical outcomes with axi-cel in patients with R/R LBCL by race and ethnicity in both real-world and clinical trial settings. In the real-world setting, 1290 patients with R/R LBCL who received axi-cel between 2017-2020 were identified from the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research database; 106 and 169 patients were included from the ZUMA-1 and ZUMA-7 clinical trials, respectively. Adjusted odds ratio (OR) and hazard ratio (HR) for race and ethnicity groups are reported. Overall survival was consistent across race/ethnicity groups. However, non-Hispanic (NH) Black patients had lower overall response rate (OR, 0.37, [95% CI, 0.22-0.63]) and lower complete response rate (OR, 0.57, [95% CI, 0.33-0.97]) than NH-white patients. NH-Black patients also had a shorter progression-free survival versus NH-white (HR, 1.41, [95% CI, 1.04-1.90]) and NH-Asian patients (HR, 1.67, [95% CI, 1.08-2.59]). NH-Asian patients had a longer duration of response compared with NH-white (HR, 0.56, [95% CI, 0.33-0.94]) and Hispanic patients (HR, 0.54, [95% CI, 0.30-0.97]). There was no difference in cytokine release syndrome by race/ethnicity; however, higher rates of any-grade ICANS were observed in NH-white patients compared with other patients. These results provide important context when treating patients with R/R LBCL with axi-cel across different racial and ethnic groups. ZUMA-1 (NCT02348216) and ZUMA-7 (NCT03391466), both registered on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of COVID-19 in Pediatric and Early Adolescent and Young Adult Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients: A Cohort Study.

Adult hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients are at a high risk of adverse outcomes after COVID-19. Although children have had better outcomes after COVID-19 compared to adults, data on risk factors and outcomes of COVID-19 among pediatric HSCT recipients are lacking. We describe outcomes of HSCT recipients who were ≤21 years of age at COVID-19 diagnosis and were reported to the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research between March 27, 2020, and May 7, 2021. The primary outcome was overall survival after COVID-19 diagnosis. We determined risk factors of COVID-19 as a secondary outcome in a subset of allogeneic HSCT recipients. A total of 167 pediatric HSCT recipients (135 allogeneic; 32 autologous HSCT recipients) were included. Median time from HSCT to COVID-19 was 15 months (interquartile range [IQR] 7-45) for allogeneic HSCT recipients and 16 months (IQR 6-59) for autologous HSCT recipients. Median follow-up from COVID-19 diagnosis was 53 days (range 1-270) and 37 days (1-179) for allogeneic and autologous HSCT recipients, respectively. Although COVID-19 was mild in 87% (n = 146/167), 10% (n = 16/167) of patients required supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation. The 45-day overall survival was 95% (95% confidence interval [CI], 90-99) and 90% (74-99) for allogeneic and autologous HSCT recipients, respectively. Cox regression analysis showed that patients with a hematopoietic cell transplant comorbidity index (HCT-CI) score of 1-2 were more likely to be diagnosed with COVID-19 (hazard ratio 1.95; 95% CI, 1.03-3.69, P = .042) compared to those with an HCT-CI of 0. Pediatric and early adolescent and young adult HSCT recipients with pre-HSCT comorbidities were more likely to be diagnosed with COVID-19. Overall mortality, albeit higher than the reported general population estimates, was lower when compared with previously published data focusing on adult HSCT recipients.

Real-World Evidence of Axicabtagene Ciloleucel for the Treatment of Large B Cell Lymphoma in the United States.

Axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel) is a standard-of-care for patients with relapsed or refractory (r/r) large B cell lymphoma who have received 2 or more lines of prior therapy. Patients receiving axi-cel in the real world could have broader a demographic, disease, and treatment profile compared with that of the cohort in the pivotal ZUMA-1 trial. The present study was conducted to evaluate the outcomes of axi-cel therapy in the real-world setting. A total of 1297 patients receiving commercial axi-cel between 2017 and 2020 were selected from the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research's data registry, of whom 739 (57%) would have been ineligible for inclusion in the ZUMA-1 cohort. Efficacy and safety outcomes were described for the entire cohort and by ZUMA-1 eligibility. Their associations with age, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Score, and comorbidities were evaluated using multivariable logistic and Cox regressions. At a median follow-up of 12.9 months, the overall response rate (ORR) was 73%, with a 56% complete response (CR) rate. Median overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were 21.8 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 17.4 to 28.8 months) and 8.6 months (95% CI, 6.5 to 12.1 months), respectively. Duration of response (DOR) was comparable in the ZUMA-1 ineligible patients and ZUMA-1 eligible patients (62% by 1 year [95% CI, 57% to 66%] versus 67% [95% CI, 62% to 72%]). Patients age ≥65 years had favorable ORR (odds ratio [OR], 1.39; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.83) despite having a higher risk of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) (OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.94) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) (OR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.39-2.26). Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Score ≥2 was associated with inferior efficacy outcomes (OR for ORR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.18-0.56; hazard ratio [HR] for OS, 3.27; 95% CI, 2.37 to 4.52) and higher incidence of ICANS (OR, 2.63; 95% CI, 1.40 to 4.93). The patients ineligible for ZUMA-1 still had a durable response with axi-cel. Elderly patients had favorable efficacy outcomes despite higher rates of CRS and ICANS. Patient selection for standard-of-care axi-cel should consider comorbidities and risk-to-benefit ratio rather than be based strictly on ZUMA-1 eligibility.

Deciphering spatial genomic heterogeneity at a single cell resolution in multiple myeloma.

Osteolytic lesions (OL) characterize symptomatic multiple myeloma. The mechanisms of how malignant plasma cells (PC) cause OL in one region while others show no signs of bone destruction despite subtotal infiltration remain unknown. We report on a single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) study of PC obtained prospectively from random bone marrow aspirates (BM) and paired imaging-guided biopsies of OL. We analyze 148,630 PC from 24 different locations in 10 patients and observe vast inter- and intra-patient heterogeneity based on scRNA-seq analyses. Beyond the limited evidence for spatial heterogeneity from whole-exome sequencing, we find an additional layer of complexity by integrated analysis of anchored scRNA-seq datasets from the BM and OL. PC from OL are characterized by differentially expressed genes compared to PC from BM, including upregulation of genes associated with myeloma bone disease like DKK1, HGF and TIMP-1 as well as recurrent downregulation of JUN/FOS, DUSP1 and HBB. Assessment of PC from longitudinally collected samples reveals transcriptional changes after induction therapy. Our study contributes to the understanding of destructive myeloma bone disease.

Allogeneic transplant and CAR-T therapy after autologous transplant failure in DLBCL: a noncomparative cohort analysis.

Allogeneic transplant (alloHCT) and chimeric antigen receptor modified (CAR)-T cell therapy are potentially cuarative options of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) relapsing after an autologous (auto)HCT. Although the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR) prognostic model can predict outcomes of alloHCT in DLBCL after autoHCT failure, corresponding models of CAR-T treatment in similar patient populations are not available. In this noncomparative registry analysis, we report outcomes of patients with DLBCL (≥18 years) undergoing a reduced intensity alloHCT or CAR-T therapy with axicabtagene ciloleucel during 2012 to 2019 after a prior auto-HCT failure and apply the CIBMTR prognostic model to CAR-T recipients. A total of 584 patients were included. The 1-year relapse, nonrelapse mortality, overall survival (OS), and progression-free survival for CAR-T treatment after autoHCT failure were 39.5%, 4.8%, 73.4%, and 55.7%, respectively. The corresponding rates in the alloHCT cohort were 26.2%, 20.0%, 65.6%, and 53.8%, respectively. The 1-year OS of alloHCT recipients classified as low-, intermediate- and high/very high-risk groups according to the CIBMTR prognostic score was 73.3%, 59.9%, and 46.3%, respectively (P = .002). The corresponding rates for low-, intermediate-, and high/very high-risk CAR-T patients were 88.4%, 76.4%, and 52.8%, respectively (P < .001). This registry analysis shows that both CAR-T and alloHCT can provide durable remissions in a subset of patients with DLBCL relapsing after a prior autoHCT. The simple CIBMTR prognostic score can be used to identify patients at high risk of treatment failure after either procedure. Evaluation of novel relapse mitigations strategies after cellular immunotherapies are warranted in these high-risk patients.

Critically Ill Patients Treated for Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Related Toxicity: A Multicenter Study.

OBJECTIVES: To report the epidemiology, treatments, and outcomes of adult patients admitted to the ICU after cytokine release syndrome or immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Nine centers across the U.S. part of the chimeric antigen receptor-ICU initiative. PATIENTS: Adult patients treated with chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy who required ICU admission between November 2017 and May 2019. INTERVENTIONS: Demographics, toxicities, specific interventions, and outcomes were collected. RESULTS: One-hundred five patients treated with axicabtagene ciloleucel required ICU admission for cytokine release syndrome or immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome during the study period. At the time of ICU admission, the majority of patients had grade 3-4 toxicities (66.7%); 15.2% had grade 3-4 cytokine release syndrome and 64% grade 3-4 immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome. During ICU stay, cytokine release syndrome was observed in 77.1% patients and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome in 84.8% of patients; 61.9% patients experienced both toxicities. Seventy-nine percent of patients developed greater than or equal to grade 3 toxicities during ICU stay, however, need for vasopressors (18.1%), mechanical ventilation (10.5%), and dialysis (2.9%) was uncommon. Immune Effector Cell-Associated Encephalopathy score less than 3 (69.7%), seizures (20.2%), status epilepticus (5.7%), motor deficits (12.4%), and cerebral edema (7.9%) were more prevalent. ICU mortality was 8.6%, with only three deaths related to cytokine release syndrome or immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome. Median overall survival time was 10.4 months (95% CI, 6.64-not available mo). Toxicity grade or organ support had no impact on overall survival; higher cumulative corticosteroid doses were associated to decreased overall and progression-free survival. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to describe a multicenter cohort of patients requiring ICU admission with cytokine release syndrome or immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome after chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. Despite severe toxicities, organ support and in-hospital mortality were low in this patient population.

Emerging trends of therapy related myeloid neoplasms following modern cancer therapeutics in the United States.

Clonal hematopoiesis (CH) is a risk factor for the development of therapy-related myelodysplastic syndromes (tMDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (tAML). Adoption of targeted-immunotherapeutics since 2011, may alter the risk of CH progression to tMDS/AML. To study this, we evaluated risk of tMDS and tAML in 667 588 ≥ 1-year survivors of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), renal cell carcinoma (RCC), melanoma and multiple-myeloma (MM) diagnosed during: 2000-2005, 2006-2010 and 2011-2016. The risk of tMDS increased significantly after NSCLC across all time periods (Ptrend = 0.002) while tAML risk decreased from 2006-2010 to 2011-2016, coinciding with increasing use of non-chemotherapeutic agents. tAML risk after RCC decreased (Ptrend = 0.007) whereas tMDS risk did not significantly change over time. After melanoma, tMDS and tAML risks were similar to the general population. tMDS and tAML risk after MM increased from the first to second time-period, however, only risk of tMDS decreased during last period. We report diverging trends in the risk of tAML and tMDS after adoption of modern cancer therapies for specific cancers. It is imperative to further explore impact of contemporary treatment strategies on clonal evolution. Modern treatments via their discrete mechanism of actions on pre-existing CH may alter the risk of subsequent tMDS and tAML.

Serological Response to Vaccination after Autologous Transplantation for Multiple Myeloma Is Associated with Improved Progression-Free and Overall Survival.

Revaccination after autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (AHCT) is recommended in post-HCT survivorship guidelines to restore humoral immunity. Data on seroconversion after AHCT and vaccination in multiple myeloma (MM) patients are limited. We investigated the feasibility and effectiveness of vaccination post-AHCT and analyzed the restoration of humoral immunity and patient prognosis. Anti-pathogen titers were measured within a median of 2 days before and 96 days after AHCT and following revaccination in 139 MM patients who had a first AHCT from 2013 to 2016. Most (84%) patients received at least one dose of any planned vaccines. High-dose melphalan with AHCT restored measurable immunity in 18% of patients. In an additional >60% of patients, seroconversion occurred after vaccination; however, despite vaccination, 20% of patients remained seronegative for most pathogens. Attainment of MM complete response post-AHCT was associated with higher rates of seroconversion which yielded significantly longer progression-free and overall survival. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of post-AHCT vaccination, supporting measurement of post-vaccination titers to determine which patients should be considered for antimicrobial prophylaxis, as seroconversion does not occur in all patients. Titer seroconversion is a potential indicator of the immunological effects of AHCT, with restoration of humoral immunity demonstrating improved survival.

Replicated Risk Index of Patient Functional Status Prior to Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Predicts Healthcare Utilization and Survival.

Poor physical functioning is associated with adverse outcomes after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT). Analytic tools to predict mortality in alloHCT recipients include the HCT Comorbidity Index (HCT-CI) based on comorbidities and the Disease Risk Index (DRI) based on disease and disease status. We developed and replicated a risk model for overall survival (OS), early mortality (ie, death from any cause at or before day +100), initial hospital length of stay (LOS), and percentage of inpatient days within the first year post-alloHCT. In this study, we incorporated a physical therapy (PT) assessment with the HCT-CI and DRI to improve outcome predictions. The well-defined and feasible measure of functional status for assessing risk includes (1) the number of sit-to-stands performed in 30 seconds, (2) performance of 25 step-ups on the right/left side with (3) oxygen saturation recovery and (4) heart rate recovery, (5) weight-bearing ability, (6) assistance with ambulation, (7) motor and grip strength, (8) sensory and coordination impairment (eg, self-reported peripheral neuropathy, imbalance), (9) self-reported pain, and (10) limited endurance (ie, inability to complete step-ups and/or sit-to-stands). Our training cohort (TC) included 349 consecutive alloHCT recipients at Roswell Park treated between 2010 and 2016 and a subsequent replication cohort (RC; n = 163) treated between 2016 and 2019. Four of the 10 metrics-self-reported pain, limited endurance, self-reported neuropathy, and <10 sit-to-stands in 30 seconds-were identified as significant predictors and were included in the multivariable models with the HCT-CI and DRI to create a new risk index (HCT-PCDRI: HCT-physical, comorbidity, and DRI) for outcomes. Models were tested in the RC. Shorter OS was associated with self-reported pain, limited endurance, higher HCT-CI, and higher DRI. At a median follow-up of 34 months, the 3-year OS based on the HCT-PCDRI was 30% for the very-high-risk group, 54% for the high-risk group, 49% for the intermediate-risk group, and 80% for the low-risk group. The number of patients identified as very high risk increased from 55 using HCT-CI alone to 120 with the new HCT-PCDRI, whereas the number in the low-risk group decreased from 91 to 45. Early mortality and a higher percentage of inpatient days within the first year post-alloHCT (a proxy for poor quality of life and high healthcare utilization) were associated with self-reported pain, higher HCT-CI, and higher DRI. A shorter initial LOS (ie, initial low healthcare utilization) was associated with performance of >10 sit-to-stands in 30 seconds, no self-reported neuropathy, and lower HCT-CI. These PT metrics combined with the HCT-CI and DRI created the HCT-PCDRI, which resulted in more patients being categorized accurately as high risk versus low risk. The HCT-PCDRI results were replicated in an independent cohort. Pre-alloHCT PT metrics with self-reported symptoms (pain and neuropathy) were associated with survival post-alloHCT and prolonged hospital LOS. The HCT-PCDRI scoring system for risk stratification of alloHCT recipients more accurately identifies patients at potential risk of poor outcomes. The HCT-PCDRI can be tested in <15 minutes to identify patients for intervention before or during treatment to potentially improve outcomes.

Identification of Neurotoxicity after Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cell Infusion without Deterioration in the Immune Effector Cell Encephalopathy (ICE) Score.

A consensus grading schema for cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) resulting from chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy was published in 2019. Although this consensus grading schema has been imperative in identifying and monitoring CRS and ICANS in our CAR T cell population, we observed patients exhibiting subtle neurotoxicity symptoms prior to a decrease in their immune effector cell (ICE) score, which is one component of ICANS. Because we treat grade 1 ICANS at our institution, identification of early neurotoxicity symptoms is important. Additionally, we found changes in personality, occupational confusion, or inability to answer dichotomous questions were early signs of neurotoxicity. Therefore, we developed a 3-step command tool to supplement the ICE evaluation. We present 2 examples of patients who exhibited early neurotoxicity symptoms and led us to develop this tool and 1 in whom it was effective. We propose that CAR T cell patients are consistently followed by a clinical care provider who is familiar with the patient to recognize early changes in personality, behavior, and cognition. Additionally, we propose that the multistep command tool be used in conjunction with the ICE score to detect early symptoms of ICANS. Early intervention has the potential to prevent irreversible neurotoxicity.

ß2-Adrenergic receptor activation on donor cells ameliorates acute GvHD.

Acute graft versus host disease (aGvHD) remains a major impediment to successful allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). To solve this problem, a greater knowledge of factors that regulate the differentiation of donor T cells toward cytotoxic cells or Tregs is necessary. We report that the ß2-adrenergic receptor (ß2-AR) is critical for regulating this differentiation and that its manipulation can control aGvHD without impairing the graft-versus-tumor (GvT) effect. Donor T cell ß2-AR expression and signaling is associated with decreased aGvHD when compared with recipients of ß2-AR-/- donor T cells. We determined that ß2-AR activation skewed CD4+ T cell differentiation in vitro and in vivo toward Tregs rather than the T helper 1 (Th1) phenotype. Treatment of allo-HCT recipients with a selective ß2-agonist (bambuterol) ameliorated aGvHD severity. This was associated with increased Tregs, decreased cytotoxic T cells, and increased donor BM-derived myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in allogeneic and humanized xenogeneic aGvHD models. ß2-AR signaling resulted in increased Treg generation through glycogen synthase kinase-3 activation. Bambuterol preserved the GvT effect by inducing NKG2D+ effector cells and central memory T cells. These data reveal how ß-AR signaling can be targeted to ameliorate GvHD severity while preserving GvT effect.

The chimeric antigen receptor-intensive care unit (CAR-ICU) initiative: Surveying intensive care unit practices in the management of CAR T-cell associated toxicities.

PURPOSE: A task force of experts from 11 United States (US) centers, sought to describe practices for managing chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell toxicity in the intensive care unit (ICU). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between June-July 2019, a survey was electronically distributed to 11 centers. The survey addressed: CAR products, toxicities, targeted treatments, management practices and interventions in the ICU. RESULTS: Most centers (82%) had experience with commercial and non-FDA approved CAR products. Criteria for ICU admission varied between centers for patients with Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) but were similar for Immune Effector Cell Associated Neurotoxicity Syndrome (ICANS). Practices for vasopressor support, neurotoxicity and electroencephalogram monitoring, use of prophylactic anti-epileptic drugs and tocilizumab were comparable. In contrast, fluid resuscitation, respiratory support, methods of surveillance and management of cerebral edema, use of corticosteroid and other anti-cytokine therapies varied between centers. CONCLUSIONS: This survey identified areas of investigation that could improve outcomes in CAR T-cell recipients such as fluid and vasopressor selection in CRS, management of respiratory failure, and less common complications such as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, infections and stroke. The variability in specific treatments for CAR T-cell toxicities, needs to be considered when designing future outcome studies of critically ill CAR T-cell patients.

Correction: Immune profiling in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma patients treated with autologous hematopoietic cell transplant.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Immune profiling in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma patients treated with autologous hematopoietic cell transplant.

This is the first longitudinal study of immune profiles and autologous hematopoietic cell transplant (AHCT) survival in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) patients and the effect of plerixafor mobilization on immune reconstitution in this population. A comprehensive immunophenotyping panel was performed in 104 consecutive adult B-NHL patients (58% diffuse large B cell and 42% mantle cell) who received AHCT (1/2008-11/2014), at a median of 28 days pre-AHCT (N = 104) and Day +100 (N = 83) post-AHCT. Median follow-up post-AHCT was 61 months (range: 8-120 months). Compared to patients mobilized with filgrastim and plerixafor, patients mobilized with filgrastim alone had a higher proportion of CD4+ naïve (p = 0.006) and CD8+ central memory T-cells (p = 0.006) pre-AHCT. For patients transplanted in complete remission (CR), a higher proportion of CD8+ effector memory T-cells pre-AHCT was associated with worse progression-free survival (PFS; p < 0.01) and overall survival (OS; p < 0.01). A higher ratio of CD8:CD4+ central memory T-cells pre-AHCT was associated with worse PFS (p < 0.0001) and OS (p = 0.0034). This same ratio measured post-AHCT among patients in CR on Day +100 was associated with worse and OS (p = 0.008) but not PFS (p = not significant). These immune subsets are complementary biomarkers which identify patients transplanted in CR who have poor survival prognoses and may warrant further clinical interventions.

Autoimmune conditions and primary central nervous system lymphoma risk among older adults.

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) risk is highly increased in immunosuppressed individuals, such as those with human immunodeficiency virus infection and solid organ transplant recipients, but rates are increasing among immunocompetent older adults (age ≥65 years). We utilized data from a large, nationally-representative cohort of older adults in the United States and found that PCNSL is significantly associated with systemic lupus erythematosus, polyarteritis nodusa, autoimmune hepatitis, myasthenia gravis and uveitis. Immunosuppressive drugs given to treat these conditions may increase PCNSL risk, but these associations cannot explain the observed temporal increase in PCNSL rates, given the low prevalence of these conditions.

Risk factors for the development of cutaneous melanoma after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Melanoma risk is increased after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), but specific risk factors are unknown. OBJECTIVE: Investigate risk factors for melanoma after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. METHODS: We conducted a nested case-control study of 140 melanoma cases and 557 controls (matched by age at HCT, sex, primary disease, survival time) through the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research. RESULTS: Melanoma risk was significantly increased among HCT survivors who received total body irradiation-based myeloablative conditioning (multivariable adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.77; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.00-3.15) or reduced-intensity conditioning containing melphalan (OR = 2.60; 95% CI = 1.13-6.02) or fludarabine (OR = 2.72; 95% CI = 1.02-7.30) versus busulfan-based myeloablative regimens; were diagnosed with acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) with stage 2+ skin involvement (OR = 1.92; 95% CI = 1.19-3.10), chronic GvHD without skin involvement (OR = 1.91; 95% CI = 1.03-3.57), or keratinocytic carcinoma (OR = 2.37; 95% CI = 1.16-4.83); and resided in areas with higher ambient ultraviolet radiation (ORtertile3 = 1.64; 95% CI = 1.01-2.67). LIMITATIONS: Data on individual-level ultraviolet radiation exposure and clinical data on melanoma characteristics were lacking. Additionally, misclassification of melanoma is possible as not all pathology reports were available for review. CONCLUSION: These results emphasize the importance of adherence to current surveillance guidelines (routine skin examination, photoprotection recommendations), particularly for HCT survivors at highest risk.

Risk for malignancies of infectious etiology among adult survivors of specific non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes.

Infectious agents have been identified in the etiology of certain non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) subtypes and solid tumors. The impact of this shared etiology on risk for second cancers in NHL survivors has not been comprehensively studied. We used US population-based cancer registry data to quantify risk of solid malignancies associated with infectious etiology among 127 044 adult 1-year survivors of the 4 most common NHL subtypes diagnosed during 2000 to 2014 (mean follow-up, 4.5-5.2 years). Compared with the general population, elevated risks for liver, stomach, and anal cancers were observed among diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) survivors (standardized incidence ratio [SIR], 1.85; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.46-2.31; SIR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.16-1.94; SIR, 3.71; 95% CI, 2.52-5.27, respectively) and marginal zone lymphoma (MZL; SIR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.34-2.83; SIR, 2.78; 95% CI, 2.02-3.74; SIR, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.02-4.64, respectively) but not follicular lymphoma or chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma. Anal cancer risk was particularly elevated among DLBCL survivors with HIV (SIR, 68.34; 95% CI, 37.36-114.66) vs those without (SIR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.22-3.34). The observed patterns are consistent with shared associations between these cancers and hepatitis C virus, Helicobacter pylori, and HIV, respectively. In contrast, risks for cervical and oropharyngeal/tonsil cancers were not elevated among survivors of any NHL subtype, possibly because of the lack of NHL association with human papillomavirus or population-wide screening practices (for cervical cancer). In summary, patterns of elevated second cancer risk differed by NHL subtype. Our results suggest shared infectious etiology has implications for subsequent cancer risks among DLBCL and MZL survivors, which may help inform surveillance for these survivors.

Risk of Second Primary Bone and Soft-Tissue Sarcomas Among Young Adulthood Cancer Survivors.

Excess sarcoma risks after childhood cancer are well established, but risks among young adulthood cancer survivors are poorly understood. Using US population-based cancer registry data, we compared bone and soft-tissue sarcoma risk vs the general population among 186 351 individuals who were diagnosed with nonsarcoma first primary malignancies at ages 20-39 years from 1975 to 2014 (follow-up through 2015) and survived at least 1 year. Bone sarcomas were rare (n = 50), but risk was statistically significantly elevated overall (2.9-fold) and greater than fivefold after Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and central nervous system tumors. Soft-tissue sarcomas were more common (n = 284) and risks were statistically significantly elevated approximately twofold overall and after melanoma and carcinomas of the breast, thyroid, and testis, and greater than fourfold after Hodgkin lymphoma and central nervous system tumors. Risks varied markedly by subtype, with the highest risks (greater than fourfold) for osteosarcoma and the soft-tissue subtypes of rhabdomyosarcoma and blood vessel and nerve sheath sarcomas. These data demonstrate elevated risk for sarcoma after a range of young adulthood cancers.