Linfadenitis por Mycobacterium bovis, una entidad a tener en cuenta / Mycobacterium bovis lymphadenitis, an entity to consider

Las medidas de control del ganado y la pasteurización de los productos lácteos han hecho que la enfermedad tuberculosa por Mycobacterium bovis sea infrecuente en nuestro medio. El diagnóstico de esta entidad requiere un alto índice de sospecha, fundado en una historia clínica detallada y pruebas complementarias oportunas. La presentación más frecuente es extrapulmonar, principalmente como linfadenitis, por lo que ante una adenopatía de mala evolución se recomienda remitir al paciente para estudio y valorar la realización de punción aspiración con aguja fina para examen citológico y cultivo. Presentamos un caso de linfadenitis por M. bovis en una niña de siete años que respondió adecuadamente al tratamiento médico (AU9

Cattle control measures and milk products pasteurization have made Mycobacterium bovis disease uncommon in our environment. The diagnosis of this disease requires a high index of suspicion based on a detailed medical history and appropriate laboratory tests. Extrapulmonary cases are the main presentation, especially lymphadenitis, for this reason, is recommended to refer to study all the adenopathies with poor evolution, for evaluating de need of a fine-needle aspiration for citologý examination and culture. We report the case of M. bovis lymphadenitis in a 7-year-old girl with adequate response to medical treatment (AU)

Enfermedad de Bruton de diagnóstico precoz: importancia de una adecuada historia clínica y los antecedentes familiares / Early diagnosis of Bruton's disease: the importance of an adequate medical and family history

La enfermedad de Bruton o agammaglobulinemia ligada al cromosoma X es una inmunodeficiencia primaria que cursa con la disminución drástica o la inexistencia de inmunoglobulinas en la sangre periférica. Esto va a originar una predisposición a desarrollar infecciones bacterianas recurrentes en el periodo de lactancia. Lo más importante y complejo a su vez es establecer el diagnóstico de sospecha, ya que se trata de una enfermedad infrecuente que cursa con manifestaciones muy comunes, como son las infecciones. Una vez sospechada la enfermedad, es importante derivar al paciente a un centro especializado para realizar los análisis pertinentes; en primer lugar, un análisis de sangre con recuento de inmunoglobulinas, y si están descendidas hay que solicitar la determinación de subpoblaciones linfocitarias mediante citometría de flujo. El diagnóstico de certeza se establece mediante análisis genéticos. El tratamiento consiste en la administración temprana de gammaglobulina intravenosa. Presentamos el caso de un paciente en el que una buena historia clínica permitió un diagnóstico precoz de enfermedad de Bruton, previo a la aparición de potenciales complicaciones (AU)

Bruton’s disease or X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by severe hypogammaglobulinemia. This causes increased susceptibility to bacterial recurrent infections at young age. It is very important, but difficult, to establish a diagnosis based on suspicion because of the common clinical symptoms of this rare disease. Once XLA is suspected, it is very important to refer the patient to a specialized hospital for specific analysis to confirm the disease. First, a blood analysis is done to see if antibody levels are low. In that case, a fluorocytometric analysis is needed to study the antibody classes. Genetic analysis shows mutation of BTK gene resulting in defective B cell differentiation and it must be done for diagnosis certainty. Treatment is based on intravenous immunoglobulin administration for life. We report a case in which a good clinical history was the key for an early diagnosis and treatment of a patient with Bruton´s disease before any potential complications appeared (AU)

Parotiditis crónica recurrente juvenil / Infantile recurrent parotitis

La parotiditis crónica recurrente es una patología que cursa con inflamación parotídea unilateral o bilateral. Afecta a edades pediátricas y tiende a desaparecer con la edad. El objetivo es presentar esta patología infrecuente que, sin embargo, es de fácil diagnóstico y manejo de forma ambulatoria. Se presentan dos casos de esta patología de nuestro centro. Esta patología puede ser tratada de forma ambulatoria con analgesia, antiinflamatorios y, en caso de sobreinfección bacteriana, adjuntando antibioterapia. Las pruebas complementarias indicadas son la ecografía y la analítica sanguínea. Es una patología con buen pronóstico y tratamiento simple. Es importante realizar un buen diagnóstico diferencial. Suele desaparecer conforme el paciente se acerca a la edad adolecente (AU)

Infantile recurrent parotitis is a disease characterized by unilateral or bilateral parotid swelling. It appears in childhood and usually disappears during adolescence. The objective is to present this rare disease which has an easy treatment and diagnosis. We report two cases of this disease from our hospital. This condition can be treated with outpatient treatment, with analgesics, anti-inflammatory drugs and, if there is bacterial infection, also with antibiotics. As additional tests, blood tests and ultrasound are recommended. It is a disease with good prognosis and simple treatment. Differential diagnosis is very important. It usually disappears as the patient approaches the adolescence (AU)

Neumonía cavitada versus hernia diafragmática congénita / Cavitary pneumonia versus congenital diaphragmatic hernia

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Miocardiopatía dilatada e infarto de arteria cerebral media derecha / Dilated cardiomyopathy and right middle cerebral artery stroke

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Clindamicina como terapia adyuvante en el síndrome de piel escaldada estafilocócica / Clindamycin as adjuvant therapy in staphilococcal skin scalded syndrome

El síndrome de piel escaldada estafilocócica (SPEE) es una enfermedad dermatológica causada por exotoxinas producidas por S. aureus. La enfermedad cursa como un exantema cutáneo doloroso que culmina con el desprendimiento de la dermis superficial. El tratamiento habitual es antibioterapia con penicilinas resistentes a betalactamasas. Presentamos el caso de una paciente con SPEE que presentó una evolución inicial tórpida a pesar del tratamiento antibiótico y que tras la introducción de clindamicina intravenosa experimentó una mejoría muy importante. La preocupación por el progresivo aumento de estafilococos aureus meticilín resistentes (SAMR) y el mecanismo fisiopatológico de esta enfermedad hacen de los antibióticos bacteriostáticos de espectro antiestafilocócico, como la clindamicina, firmes candidatos para ser considerados como arsenal terapéutico de primera línea en el tratamiento del SPEE (AU)

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) is a dermatologic disease caused by exotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus. The disease presents as a painful cutaneous rash that culminates with the detachment of the superficial dermis. The usual treatment is antibiotics with beta-lactamase resistant penicillin. We report the case of a patient who presented with SSSS with initial torpid evolution despite antibiotic treatment and after the introduction of intravenous clindamycin experienced a very significant improvement. Concerns about the increase of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and the pathophysiology of this disease make bacteriostatic spectrum antistaphylococcal antibiotics, such as clindamycin, strong candidates for consideration as a first-line therapeutic arsenal for the treatment of SSSS (AU)

[Clindamycin as adjuvant therapy in Staphilococcal skin scalded syndrome]. / Clindamicina como terapia adyuvante en el síndrome de piel escaldada estafilocócica.

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) is a dermatologic disease caused by exotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus. The disease presents as a painful cutaneous rash that culminates with the detachment of the superficial dermis. The usual treatment is antibiotics with beta-lactamase resistant penicillin. We report the case of a patient who presented with SSSS with initial torpid evolution despite antibiotic treatment and after the introduction of clindamycin IV experienced a very significant improvement. Concerns about the increase of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and the pathophysiology of this disease make bacteriostatic spectrum antistaphylococcal antibiotics, such as clindamycin, strong candidates for consideration as a first-line therapeutic arsenal for the treatment of SSSS.

Ventilación mecánica domiciliaria en niños: estudio multicéntrico español / Domiciliary mechanical ventilation in children: a spanish multicentre study

Introducción: La ventilación mecánica domiciliaria (VMD) es una técnica cada vez más frecuente en el niño. Existen pocos estudios que hayan analizado las características y necesidades de los niños sometidos a esta técnica. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo observacional transversal multicéntrico de pacientes entre un mes y 16 años dependientes de ventilación mecánica domiciliaria. Resultados: Se estudiaron 163 pacientes de 17 hospitales españoles con una edad media de 7,6 años. La causa más frecuente de VMD fueron los trastornos neuromusculares. El inicio de la VMD fue a una edad media de 4,6 años. Un 71,3% recibieron ventilación no invasiva. Los pacientes con ventilación invasiva tenían menor edad, menor edad de inicio de la VMD y mayor tiempo de uso diario. El 80,9% precisaban VM solo durante el sueño, y un 11,7% durante todo el día. Únicamente un 3,4% de los pacientes tiene asistencia sanitaria externa como ayuda a la familia. Un 48,2% es controlado en consultas específicas de VMD o consultas multidisciplinares. Un 72,1% de los pacientes está escolarizado (recibiendo enseñanza adaptada un 42,3%). Solo un 47,8% de los pacientes escolarizados cuentan con cuidadores específicos en su centro escolar. Conclusiones: La VMD en niños se utiliza en un grupo muy heterogéneo de pacientes iniciándose en un importante porcentaje en los primeros 3 años de vida. A pesar de que un significativo porcentaje de pacientes tiene una gran dependencia de la VMD pocas familias cuentan con ayudas específicas tanto a nivel escolar como en el domicilio, y el seguimiento sanitario es heterogéneo y poco coordinado(AU)

Introduction: Domiciliary mechanical ventilation (DMV) use is increasing in children. Few studies have analysed the characteristics of patients using this technique. Materials and methods: An observational, descriptive, transversal, multicentre study was conducted on patients between 1 month and 16 years of age dependent on domiciliary mechanical ventilation. Results: A total of 163 patients with a median age of 7.6 years from 17 Spanish hospitals were studied. The main reasons for DMV were neuromuscular disorders. The median age at beginning of DMV was 4.6 years. Almost three-quarters (71.3%) received non-invasive ventilation. Patients depending on invasive ventilation were younger, started DMV at an earlier age, and had more hours of mechanical ventilation per day. The large majority (80.9%) used DMV during sleep time only, and 11.7% during the whole day. Only 3.4% of patients had external health assistance. Just under half (48.2%) were being followed up in specific DMV or multidisciplinary clinics. Almost three-quarters (72.1%) of patients attended school (42.3% with adapted schooling). Only 47.8% of school patients had specific caregivers in their schools. Conclusions: DMV in children is used in a very heterogeneous group of patients, and in an important number of patients it is started before the third year of life. Despite there being a significant proportion of patients with a high dependency on DMV, few families receive specific support at home or at school, and health care surveillance is variable and poorly coordinated(AU)

Enfermedad de Chagas neonatal de transmisión vertical en países no endémicos. El uso de la PCR en el diagnóstico: ventajas sobre técnicas convencionales / Congenital transmission of Chagas disease in non-endemic countries. The use of PCR for diagnosis: advantages over conventional techniques

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[Domiciliary mechanical ventilation in children: a Spanish multicentre study]. / Ventilación mecánica domiciliaria en niños: estudio multicéntrico español.

INTRODUCTION: Domiciliary mechanical ventilation (DMV) use is increasing in children. Few studies have analysed the characteristics of patients using this technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An observational, descriptive, transversal, multicentre study was conducted on patients between 1 month and 16 years of age dependent on domiciliary mechanical ventilation. RESULTS: A total of 163 patients with a median age of 7.6 years from 17 Spanish hospitals were studied. The main reasons for DMV were neuromuscular disorders. The median age at beginning of DMV was 4.6 years. Almost three-quarters (71.3%) received non-invasive ventilation. Patients depending on invasive ventilation were younger, started DMV at an earlier age, and had more hours of mechanical ventilation per day. The large majority (80.9%) used DMV during sleep time only, and 11.7% during the whole day. Only 3.4% of patients had external health assistance. Just under half (48.2%) were being followed up in specific DMV or multidisciplinary clinics. Almost three-quarters (72.1%) of patients attended school (42.3% with adapted schooling). Only 47.8% of school patients had specific caregivers in their schools. CONCLUSIONS: DMV in children is used in a very heterogeneous group of patients, and in an important number of patients it is started before the third year of life. Despite there being a significant proportion of patients with a high dependency on DMV, few families receive specific support at home or at school, and health care surveillance is variable and poorly coordinated.

Reduction in pediatric invasive pneumococcal disease in the Basque Country and Navarre, Spain, after introduction of the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.

This study evaluated the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease, identified the causal serotypes, and tracked the evolution of the antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in the regions of the Basque Country and Navarre, Spain, before and after the introduction of the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. The study included all children aged between birth and 5 years diagnosed with bacteremia, meningitis, or bacteremic pneumonia caused by pneumococci. By the second year after introduction of the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, compared with the period 1998-2001, the incidence of invasive disease decreased by 64.3% in children less than 12 months of age, by 39.7% in children less than 24 months of age, and by 37.5% in children less than 60 months of age. The prevalence of clinical isolates of S. pneumoniae that lacked susceptibility to penicillin decreased by 58.2% among children less than 60 months of age. With an estimated coverage by four-dose heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine of 28-45% in 2003, the number of invasive pneumococcal infections in the Basque Country and in Navarre fell significantly after just 2 years of immunization, underscoring the importance of improving vaccination coverage under a universal childhood immunization program.

[Activity of a short-stay observation unit in an emergency department of a tertiary hospital. A two-year experience]. / Actividad de una unidad de observación en un servicio de urgencias de un hospital terciario: dos años de experiencia.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the characteristics of the activity of a short stay observation unit (SSOU) in a tertiary hospital, and to analyze its influence on the hospitalization rate. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The activity of the SSOU during the first 2 years after opening is described. Descriptive variables were registered. Hospitalization activity during the first 5 months after opening the unit was compared with the activity during the same period in the previous year. RESULTS: From June 1, 2001 to May 31, 2003, 74,989 patients were admitted to the emergency department (ED) and 2,438 (3.25 %) were transferred to the SSOU. The mean age of the patients was 64.55 months. The mean length of stay was 5 hours and 50 minutes. The main discharge diagnoses were gastrointestinal disease (30.2 %), accidents (15 %), respiratory illness (12.5 %) and febrile syndrome (9.8 %). The hospitalization rate in patients admitted to the ED was 5.8 % from June 1, 2000 to October 1, 2000 and was 4.28 % in the same period in 2001. The mean diagnosis-related group (DRG)-weight was 0.8648 in 2000 and was 0.9078 in 2001. Total weight was 680.66 in 2000 and 495.69 in 2001, allowing an approximate saving of 329,162 Euros. CONCLUSIONS: The opening of the SSOU has been useful in the assessment and treatment of common childhood diseases and has helped reduce the hospitalization rate, increase the complexity of inpatients and lower costs.

Actividad de una unidad de observación en un servicio de urgencias de un hospital terciario: dos años de experiencia / Activity of a short-stay observation unit in an emergency department of a tertiary hospital. A two-year experience

Objetivos: Exponer las características de la actividad de la unidad de observación de un hospital terciario y analizar los cambios derivados de ello en la hospitalización. Material y métodos: Se describe la actividad de dicha unidad en los primeros 2 años, recogiendo diferentes variables descriptivas. Posteriormente, se compara la actividad hospitalaria en la planta durante los primeros 5 meses tras su instauración, con el mismo período del año anterior, cuando no existía esa unidad. Resultados: En el período comprendido entre el 1 de junio de 2001 y el 31 de mayo de 2003 se atendieron 74.989 urgencias, de las cuales 2.438 (3,25 %) se valoraron en la unidad de observación. La edad media de los pacientes fue de 64,55 meses. La estancia media se sitúa en las 5 h y 50 min. Los diagnósticos al alta fueron asignados a patología digestiva (30,2 %), accidentes (15 %), patología respiratoria (12,5 %) y síndrome febril (9,8 %). En el período de junio a octubre de 2000 ingresaron en el servicio de pediatría el 5,8 % de pacientes atendidos en urgencias, por un 4,28 % del mismo período del año 2001. El peso medio de los ingresos en el año 2000 fue 0,8648, y en 2001 fue 0,9078. El peso total de los ingresos del año 2000 fue 680,66 y del 2001 de 495,69, lo que se traduce en un ahorro aproximado de 329.162 d. Conclusiones: La instauración de una unidad de observación ha sido útil en el manejo de patología frecuente en la infancia y ha contribuido, en nuestro hospital, a una disminución en el número de ingresos, una mayor complejidad de los pacientes ingresados y una disminución del gasto

Objectives: To describe the characteristics of the activity of a short stay observation unit (SSOU) in a tertiary hospital, and to analyze its influence on the hospitalization rate. Material and methods: The activity of the SSOU during the first 2 years after opening is described. Descriptive variables were registered. Hospitalization activity during the first 5 months after opening the unit was compared with the activity during the same period in the previous year. Results: From June 1, 2001 to May 31, 2003, 74,989 patients were admitted to the emergency department (ED) and 2,438 (3.25 %) were transferred to the SSOU. The mean age of the patients was 64.55 months. The mean length of stay was 5 hours and 50 minutes. The main discharge diagnoses were gastrointestinal disease (30.2 %), accidents (15 %), respiratory illness (12.5 %) and febrile syndrome (9.8 %). The hospitalization rate in patients admitted to the ED was 5.8 % from June 1, 2000 to October 1, 2000 and was 4.28 % in the same period in 2001. The mean diagnosis-related group (DRG)-weight was 0.8648 in 2000 and was 0.9078 in 2001. Total weight was 680.66 in 2000 and 495.69 in 2001, allowing an approximate saving of 329,162 d. Conclusions: The opening of the SSOU has been useful in the assessment and treatment of common childhood diseases and has helped reduce the hospitalization rate, increase the complexity of inpatients and lower costs

[Study of the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease in neonates and childre aged less than 5 years in the Basque country and Navarre (Spain)]. / Estudio de la incidencia de enfermedad neumocócica invasora entre 0-5 años en el País Vasco y Navarra.

BACKGROUND: Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most commonly reported bacterial cause of bacteremia and bacteremic pneumonia and the second most frequent cause of meningitis. OBJECTIVE: To establish the incidence, characteristics and serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal disease in children aged less than 5 years in two Autonomous Communities in Spain, the Basque country and Navarre, between 31 May 1988 and 1 June 2001. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a descriptive, observational and retrospective study. The study population was composed of children diagnosed with invasive pneumococcal disease in the public and private hospitals with a pediatrics departments. Invasive pneumococcal disease was defined as isolation of S. pneumoniae in blood, cerebrospinal fluid or any other sterile biological fluid. Medical records were reviewed and demographic and diagnostic variables were analyzed. Age-adjusted frequency rates were established for both regions using direct standardization. Confidence intervals were obtained by Poisson distribution. SPSS for Windows 10.0 and Epidat 2.1 were used for the analysis. Data were obtained from the 1999 municipal population census. RESULTS: One hundred seventy-one children aged 0-5 years were included. A total of 40.9 % (70 patients) were aged less than 12 months and 68.4 % were aged 0-2 years; 16.4 % had received drug therapy before diagnosis. The most common forms of presentation were occult bacteremia (45.6 %), bacteremic pneumonia (27.5 %) and meningitis (14.6 %). The most frequent complications involved the respiratory tract, with pleural effusion in 23 % of cases of pneumonia. The standardized annual incidence rate of invasive pneumococcal disease (cases per 100,000) in children aged 0-59 months was 58.82 (95 % CI: 27.99-89.65) in Navarre and 55.35 (95 % CI: 38.81-71.88) in the Basque Country. In children aged 0-23 months, the overall incidence was 93.49 cases per 100,000 children (95 % CI: 77.32-112.04) and in infants aged 0-11 months, it was 110,21 cases per 100,000 children (95 % CI: 85.91-139.24). The incidence rates for meningitis and bacteremia in children aged 0-23 months was 15.98 (95 % CI: 9.76-24.68) and 51.14 (95 % IC: 39.38-65.30) cases per 100.000 children. Fifty-nine strains were serotyped. The most frequent serotypes/groups were 1, 4, 6B, 14, 18C, 19 and 23F. A total of 52.15 % of the serotypes were penicillin-susceptible and 93 % were cefotaxime-susceptible. The serotypes/groups with the highest rates of resistance were 6B, 14,19, 23F and 35. CONCLUSION: Our incidence rates are similar to those observed in other countries such as the United States and are higher than those reported for the rest of Europe. Vaccine coverage is similar to that described in other articles.