ABSTRACT
Vertebrate predation was examined in sympatric moustached tamarins (Saguinus mystax) and saddle-back tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis) in the Amazon rainforest of northeastern Peru. Both species prey on frogs and lizards, and very rarely on nestling birds. As a result of divergent foraging strategies, S. mystax primarily exploited frogs at higher strata of the forest, while S. fuscicollis predominantly preyed on reptiles in the lower strata and on the ground. This difference may strengthen the niche differentiation between these two tamarin species that exists with regard to other prey.
Subject(s)
Predatory Behavior/physiology , Saguinus/physiology , Animals , Anura , Birds , Feeding Behavior/physiology , Female , Lizards , MaleABSTRACT
An infanticide was observed in a group of wild saddle-back tamarins, Saguinus fuscicollis. The newborn singleton was killed by its mother after it had fallen from the carrier several times. This infanticide may represent a case of parental manipulation: the mother terminated investment in an offspring that probably had a low chance of survival. Also, stress associated with the simultaneous pregnancy of another adult female in the group may have played a role.
Subject(s)
Behavior, Animal , Saguinus/psychology , Animals , Female , Male , Peru , Pregnancy , Social Behavior , Social DominanceABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: A parturient with large intracranial arteriovenous malformation presented for elective cesarean delivery. METHODS: The anesthetic technique included acute hydration with intravenous crystalloid followed by continuous epidural anesthesia with bupivacaine and fentanyl and oxygen by face mask. Intraoperative monitoring consisted of electrocardiography, pulse oximetry, invasive arterial blood pressure, and analysis of arterial blood gases. Postoperative analgesia in the immediate postoperative period was provided by a continuous epidural infusion of bupivacaine and fentanyl followed by intravenous patient-controlled analgesia using a mixture of morphine and droperidol. RESULTS: A cesarean delivery was successfully performed and both mother and infant were eventually discharged from the hospital in good condition. CONCLUSIONS: In this case report the choice of obstetric management (cesarean versus vaginal delivery) of a full-term parturient with an intracranial arteriovenous malformation is discussed, and the rationale for the preference of epidural anesthesia for the cesarean delivery is presented.
Subject(s)
Anesthesia, Conduction , Anesthesia, General , Anesthesia, Obstetrical , Cesarean Section , Delivery, Obstetric , Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations/physiopathology , Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular/physiopathology , Adjuvants, Anesthesia/administration & dosage , Adult , Analgesia, Epidural , Analgesia, Obstetrical , Analgesia, Patient-Controlled , Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage , Anesthesia, Epidural , Anesthetics, Local/administration & dosage , Bupivacaine/administration & dosage , Crystalloid Solutions , Droperidol/administration & dosage , Elective Surgical Procedures , Female , Fentanyl/administration & dosage , Fluid Therapy , Humans , Isotonic Solutions , Morphine/administration & dosage , Plasma Substitutes/therapeutic use , Pregnancy , Rehydration Solutions/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Ninety-six women undergoing post-partum tubal ligation under spinal anaesthesia were studied to compare 26G Atraucan with 25G Whitacre spinal needles for ease of insertion, number of attempts at needle insertion, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow characteristics through the needles, quality of subsequent analgesia, and incidence of perioperative complications. A higher rate of successful dural puncture at the first attempt (40/50 vs 27/46, P < 0.05) and faster (mean +/- SD, 11.5 +/- 2.2 vs 13.5 +/- 2.4, P < 0.001) CSF flow through the needle was achieved with the Atraucan than with the Whitacre needle. The incidence of failed spinal (4% vs 5%) and post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) (4% vs 4.3%) was similar with both needles, but more patients experienced paraesthesiae during needle insertion with the Whitacre than with the Atraucan needle (15% vs 2%, P < 0.05). We conclude that the use of the 26G Atraucan needle is associated with a higher rate of successful identification of the subarachnoid space at the first attempt, faster CSF backflow, and fewer paraesthesia when compared with the 25G Whitacre needle.
