Case report: serratus intercostal plane block/BRILMA and sedation for mastectomy in a high risk patient. / Caso clínico: bloqueo serrato intercostal/BRILMA y sedación en mastectomía en paciente de riesgo.

Breast cancer surgery can benefit from regional anaesthesia techniques, which can be used as a sole anaesthetic procedure in some cases where risk for general anaesthesia is high. Regional anaesthesia allows early recovery, reduces postoperative opioid and non opioid analgesics consumption and helps early home discharge, reducing thus costs. We present a case of an 87-year-old woman with multiple comorbidities who underwent breast cancer surgery. The patient was successfully surgically treated under serratus intercostal plane block anaesthesia. We discuss the use and benefits of the serratus intercostal plane block in thoracic procedures.

Alginate and lignin-based formulations to control pesticides leaching in a calcareous soil.

Important risk of groundwater pollution has been observed as a result of rapid leaching of highly soluble pesticides when used in agronomic practices as conventional formulations. This risk can be minimized through the application of the pesticide at a set rate using controlled release formulations (CRFs). In this research, CRFs of isoproturon, imidacloprid and cyromazine have been evaluated in a calcareous soil. The effects of two natural polymers (alginate and lignin) and two modifying sorbents (bentonite and activated carbon) on pesticide release kinetics from CRFs have been investigated, as well as mobility of pesticides using soil columns. The rate of pesticide release in soil from CRFs diminished in all cases in relation to technical products. From the analysis of the time taken for 50% of the active ingredient to be released into soil (T(50 soil)), it can be deduced that the release rate of pesticides can be controlled by using activated carbon in the alginate-based CRFs and mixing the pesticide with kraft lignin. Mobility experiments showed that the use of CRFs clearly reduces the presence of isoproturon and imidacloprid in the leachate compared to technical products, and to a lesser extent for cyromacine due to its high water solubility.

Pólipo fibroepitelial ureteral gigante resuelto con resección y sustitución intestinal / Giant fibroepithelial polyp of the ureter: treatment with ureteral resection and intestinal substitution

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Lignin-based formulations to prevent pesticides pollution.

The pesticides isoproturon, imidacloprid and cyromazine, identified as groundwater pollutants, were incorporated in lignin-based formulations to obtain controlled release (CR) properties. The formulations were prepared by mixing the pesticide with a commercially available pine kraft lignin under melting conditions. A high efficiency of the preparations was therefore reached; it oscillated between 93.36% and 98.20% for the cyromazine and the isoproturon formulations. Kinetic-release experiments carried out in water showed that the release rate of isoproturon, imidacloprid and cyromazine from CR granules diminished in all cases in relation to the technical products. From the analysis of the time taken for 50% of the active ingredient to be released into water (T(50)), it can be deduced that the release rates were much higher in cyromazine CR formulations than in those prepared with isoproturon. However, imidacloprid showed an intermediate release rate. The obtained linear regression between T(50) values and granule size can be suitable to select the most appropriate formulation to avoid the isoproturon, imidacloprid and ciromazine tendency to leach.

Controlled release of isoproturon, imidacloprid, and cyromazine from alginate-bentonite-activated carbon formulations.

Different alginate-based systems of isoproturon, imidacloprid, and cyromazine have been investigated in order to obtain controlled release (CR) properties. The basic formulation [sodium alginate (1.50%), pesticide (0.30%), and water] was modified using different amounts of bentonite and activated carbon. The higher values of encapsulation efficiency corresponded to those formulations prepared with higher percentages of activated carbon, showing higher encapsulation efficiency values for isoproturon and imidacloprid than for cyromazine, which has a higher water solubility. The kinetic experiments of imidacloprid/isoproturon release in water have shown us that the release rate is higher in imidacloprid systems than in those prepared with isoproturon. Moreover, it can be deduced that the use of bentonite and/or activated carbon sorbents reduces the release rate of the isoproturon and imidacloprid in comparison with the technical product and with alginate formulation without modifying agents. The highest decrease in release rate corresponds to the formulations prepared with the highest percentage of activated carbon. The water uptake, permeability, and time taken for 50% of the active ingredient to be released into water, T50, were calculated to compare the formulations. On the basis of a parameter of an empirical equation used to fit the pesticide release data, the release of isoproturon and imidacloprid from the various formulations into water is controlled by a diffusion mechanism. The sorption capacity of the sorbents and the permeability of the formulations were the most important factors modulating pesticide release. Finally, a linear correlation of the T50 values and the content of activated carbon in formulations were obtained.

Use of bentonite and activated carbon in controlled release formulations of carbofuran.

Controlled release systems (CRS), unlike the conventional formulations, facilitate a gradual and controlled discharge of the pesticides, reducing the losses by evaporation and leaching and minimizing pesticide pollution. In this study, carbofuran-an insecticide-nematicide identified as a groundwater pollutant-was incorporated in alginate-based granules to obtain controlled release properties. The effect on carbofuran release rate caused by the incorporation of bentonite, activated carbon, and different mixtures of both sorbents in alginate basic formulation was studied by immersion of the granules in water. The water uptake, sorption capacity of the sorbent, permeability, and time taken for 50% of the active ingredient to be released into water, T(50), were calculated by the comparison of the preparations. T(50) values were higher for those formulations containing bentonite and/or activated carbon (T(50) values range from 14.76 h for the alginate formulation containing only bentonite as the sorbent to 29.5 weeks for the alginate formulation containing only activated carbon as the sorbent) than for the preparation without these sorbents (11.72 h). On the basis of a parameter of an empirical equation used to fit the insecticide-nematicide release data, it appears that the release of carbofuran from the various formulations into water is controlled by a diffusion mechanism. The sorption capacity of the sorbents for carbofuran was the most important factor modulating carbofuran release. In addition, it was observed that there is a linear correlation of the T(50) values and the content of activated carbon in dry granules.

Microbial contamination of carcasses and equipment from an Iberian pig slaughterhouse.

The microbial contamination of carcasses and equipment has been studied in an industrial slaughterhouse of Iberian pigs. Samples of the surface of carcasses were taken at different stages of the process and aerobic plate count at 37 degrees C (APC), Enterobacteriaceae-count (E-count) and Escherichia coli-count (EC-count) were determined. It was demonstrated that in scalding and singeing the APC decreased (P < 0.01), while in the dehairing it increased (P < 0.01). The E-count and EC-count decreased in the scalding but increased in the evisceration (P < 0.001). The implementation of good manufacturing practices (GMP) in the stages of closure of the anus and evisceration significantly decreased the EC-count. It changed from 61.1% in carcasses without GMP that had counts higher than 1 log CFU/cm2 to only 7.4% in GMP carcasses. A final wash of the carcasses with potable water at high pressure (the only decontaminating treatment permitted in the European Union) was tested and failed to decrease the counts. It was also demonstrated that cleaning and disinfection of the dehairing and scraping machines is not effective.

Easy and Stereoselective One-Step Incorporation of Two Asymmetric Carbons in Pyranose Derivatives to Acyclic Epoxyamides: New, Potentially Useful Acyclic Chiral Templates.

We reacted N,N-diethyl-2-(dimethylsulfuranylidene)acetamide with 4,6-O-alkylidene-glycopyranoses under several experimental conditions and obtained, stereoselectively, derivatives of acyclic 3-(polyhydroxyalkyl)-alpha,beta-epoxyamides. In this way, and in one stage, we introduced, highly stereoselectively, two new chiral carbons with a substituted asymmetric epoxide group that could then be regioselectively transformed and, in addition, obtained highly functionalized acyclic structures starting from easily obtained cyclohemiacetalic monosaccharides. The configuration of the new chiral carbons of the resulting trans-epoxyamides was determined by comparing the IR, NMR, and polarimetric data with another epoxyamide of known configuration. We attempted to explain the stereochemistry of the major products by proposing a preferential conformation for the different starting aldehyde sugars in the basic reaction medium that took into account, at first, the principal electrical interactions between the carbonyl group and those unprotected hydroxyl groups with partial hydroxylate character and, secondarily, the preferred equatorial approach (exo) of the nucleophile. Finally, we studied the cyclization of the reaction products by an initial Payne transposition of the gamma-hydroxy-alpha,beta-epoxide to alpha-hydroxy-beta,gamma-epoxide, followed by its cyclization to a C-glycofuranoside.

Bile acid profile as early indicator of allograft function during orthotopic liver transplantation.

Orthotopic liver transplantation was performed in 20 pigs. Serum total bile acids (STBA) were determined and their profile compared with standard early function parameters: total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactic acid. In phase I, the STBA level was 32.89 +/- 1.29 mumol/l. In phase II, STBA accumulated to 84.46 +/- 15.25 mumol/l (p less than 0.01), followed by hepatic clearance in phase III (63.61 +/- 9.71 mumol/1; NS). Between phase III and 6- and 12-hour samples, STBA decreased progressively, reaching values of 33.63 +/- 7.05 mumol/l at 24 h. AST was elevated in phases I, II, III, and at 6, 12 and 24 h (p less than 0.001), as was ALT (but with insignificant differences). Thus, STBA and their profile appear to be earlier and more specific indicators of early graft function than conventional parameters.