Promoción a la Salud, Autoeficacia, Asertividad Sexual y Conductas Sexuales de riesgo en Adolescentes / Health Promotion, Self-efficacy, Sexual Assertiveness and Risky Sexual Behaviors in Adolescents

A nivel global, las infecciones de trasmisión sexual (ITS) representan un problema de salud pública, debido a los daños que implican en la salud y a las altas prevalencias de nuevos contagios, pues se estima que cada día, más de un millón de personas adquiere una ITS, entre las que se encuentran la clamidia, gonorrea, sífilis y tricomoniasis [Fragmento de texto].(AU)

Harmful Use of Alcohol as Predictor of Presex Drinking in Mexican Young College Women.

AIM: The aim of this study was to identify whether the harmful use of alcohol is associated with an increased probability of presex drinking in Mexican young women. METHOD: This was a study with a predictive design. Multiple logistic regressions were performed in a random sample of 304 young college women (between the ages of 18 and 24 years) from Guanajuato and Tamaulipas, Mexico. Participants completed a sociodemographic data survey and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test questionnaire. RESULTS: Women with a pattern of harmful use of alcohol were more likely to report drinking before sex (adjusted odds ratio = 4.679, 95% confidence interval [1.619, 13.520], McFadden's pseudo R2 = 25.5%). Further analyses revealed that presex drinking by partners was an even stronger predictor of alcohol use before sexual intercourse in women (adjusted odds ratio = 12.749, 95% confidence interval [4.714, 34.483], McFadden's pseudo R2 = 34.7%). CONCLUSIONS: The findings demand additional nursing studies to corroborate-and to better understand-the relationship between harmful use of alcohol in Mexican women, their partners' drinking behavior, and unhealthy behaviors like drinking before sexual intercourse.

Desarrollo sostenible: Impacto ambiental y retos de los hospitales ante la Covid-19 / Sustainable development: Environmental impact and challenges for hospitals in the face of Covid-19

Señor editor: Los gobiernos a nivel mundial en los últimos 50 años han generado conjuntamente diversas agendas, compromisos y planes que abordan las necesidades derivadas de las interacciones sociales, económicas y ambientales; tal es el caso de Alma Ata, Agenda 21, y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS); entre otras, lo que conlleva a establecer responsabilidades políticas en salud relacionadas con el desarrollo sostenible en cada continente, región y país. Sin embargo, la actual crisis mundial generada por el Coronavirus (COVID-19) ha dificultado la continuidad de estos compromisos, priorizando el combate a este terrible mal y que hasta la fecha no existe una aparente solución.

Mr. Editor: Governments worldwide in the last 50 years have jointly generated various agendas, commitments and plans that address the needs arising from social, economic and environmental interactions; such is the case of Alma Ata, Agenda 21, and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); among others, which leads to establish political responsibilities in health related to sustainable development in each continent, region and country. However, the current global crisis generated by the Coronavirus (COVID-19) has hindered the continuity of these commitments, prioritizing the fight against this terrible disease and to date there is no apparent solution.

Revisión del efecto de la incertidumbre en personas adultas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Review of the effect of uncertainty in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Introducción: cuando a una persona se le diagnostica con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), dicha noticia le suele representar un conjunto de emociones, como estrés, ansiedad e incertidumbre frente a la enfermedad, lo que la sitúa en la imposibilidad para predecir los resultados. Objetivo: realizar una revisión del estado del arte del periodo 2011 a 2016 sobre los efectos de la incertidumbre en las personas adultas con DM2. Métodos: la revisión se efectuó con base en las etapas propuestas por Dal Sasso-Mendes, en las bases de datos EBSCO, PubMed, SciELO, CONRICyT, ScienceDirect y Scopus. Se emplearon dos descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud (DeCS) en los idiomas inglés, español y portugués: Diabetes Mellitus Type 2, Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 y Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2, así como Uncertainty, Incertidumbre e Incerteza. Se identificaron 2721 artículos, de los cuales se seleccionaron 23 artículos que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Resultados: de los diferentes componentes de la incertidumbre y DM2, se conformaron cuatro componentes: teórico, apoyo social, respuestas emocionales y diferencias en el tratamiento. Se identificó una relación de los componentes teórico y de apoyo social (21.7%) con la incertidumbre y con mayor énfasis el componente de diferencias en el tratamiento (43.5%). Conclusión: se identificó que el efecto de la incertidumbre de los pacientes ante la DM2 es una situación poco investigada, principalmente en lo que respecta a las respuestas emocionales.

Introduction: When a person is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), this news usually represents a set of emotions, such as stress, anxiety, and uncertainty about the disease. This puts the person in a difficult position, due to their inability to predict the results. Objective: To carry out a state-of-the-art review, from 2011 to 2016, on the effects of uncertainty in adults with T2DM. Methods: Based on the stages proposed by Dal Sasso-Mendes, the review was performed in the following databases: Ebsco, PubMed, SciELO, Conricyt, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. Two health sciences descriptors were used in English, Spanish and Portuguese: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, and Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 (for Spanish and Portuguese), as well as Uncertainty, Incertidumbre, and Incerteza. 2721 articles were identified, out of which 23 that met the selection criteria were selected. Results: From the different components of uncertainty and T2DM, four were formed: theoretical, social support, emotional responses, and differences in treatment. It was identified a relation between theoretical and social support components (21.7%) with uncertainty, with greater emphasis in the differences in treatment component (43.5%). Conclusion: It was identified that the effect of uncertainty on patients facing T2DM is a relatively unresearched situation, mainly concerning emotional responses.

Derivación de un modelo de resiliencia para el no consumo de alcohol en escolares / Derivation of a resilience model for the no alcohol consumption in schools

El presente artículo muestra una teoría de rango medio sobre resiliencia para el consumo de alcohol en escolares, la cual se centra en la influencia de factores de protección y factores de riesgo sobre la resiliencia, características necesarias para favorecer conductas saludables como el no consumo de alcohol. El modelo de resiliencia para el consumo de alcohol fue desarrollado deductivamente del modelo de resiliencia de adolescentes propuesto por Haans y de la revisión de la literatura. El desarrollo de este modelo es de utilidad para construir ciencia de enfermería mediante teorías de enfermería. Este modelo puede ayudar a predecir cómo fortalecer características de resiliencia y favorecer la prevención del consumo de alcohol en escolares

This article shows a mid-range theory on resilience for alcohol consumption in schoolchildren, which focuses on the influence of protective factors and risk factors on resilience, characteristics necessary to promote healthy behaviors such as not drinking alcohol. The resilience model for alcohol consumption was developed deductively from the adolescent resilience model proposed by Haans and from the literature review. The development of this model is useful to build nursing science through existing nursing theories and empirical knowledge. This model can help predict how to strengthen resilience characteristics and favor the prevention of alcohol consumption in school children

Estilo de vida promotor de la salud y asertividad en trabajadores universitarios / Estilo de vida promotor da saúde e assertividade em trabalhadores universitários / Health-promoting lifestyle y assertiveness in university workers

Objective. The work sought to analyze the health-promoting lifestyle variables, assertiveness, and their relation to health condition in university workers. Methods. This was a correlational study with the participation of 112 workers selected through census-type random sampling. To gather information, a form was used that included sociodemographic, anthropometric, and clinical data, in addition to the health-promoting lifestyle scale by Walker et al., and the Assertiveness Questionnaire by Lazarus and Folkman. Results. Participants ranged between 24 and 72 years of age (mean = 45), 61.6% were women, 49.1% worked the day shift, and 59.8% worked as teaching staff. With respect to health problems diagnosed: 17.0% had high blood pressure, 4.5% type II diabetes mellitus, and 4.5% suffer both diseases; 46.4% were found with overweight condition and 23.9% with some degree of obesity. The general index of health-promoting lifestyle was of 39.2 points (medium level) and assertiveness of 74.5 points (high level). A positive and significant relationship was found between assertiveness and the general index of the health-promoting lifestyle (r=0.22, p<0.05) and the dimensions of spiritual development (r =0.35, p<0.01) and interpersonal relations (r =0.29, p<0.01). Likewise, glucose level, one of the parameters of the health condition, was inversely related to the health-promoting lifestyle (r =-0.20, p<0.05) and to the dimensions of physical activity (r =-0.24, p <0.01) and stress management (r=-0.24, p<0.01). Conclusion. The findings show the relationship between the health-promoting lifestyle and assertiveness in university workers studied, which justifies the design of educational interventions from nursing aimed at improving these aspects.

Objetivo. Analizar las variables estilo de vida promotor de la salud, asertividad y su relación con el estado de salud en trabajadores universitarios. Métodos. Estudio correlacional en el que participaron 112 trabajadores seleccionados por muestreo aleatorio tipo censo. Para la toma de información se utilizó un formulario que incluyó datos sociodemográficos, antropométricos y clínicos, además de la escala de estilo de vida promotor de la salud de Walker et al. y del cuestionario de asertividad de Lazarus y Folkman. Resultados. Los participantes tenían entre 24 y 72 años de edad (Media=45), 61.6% fueron mujeres, 49.1% laboraba en el turno matutino y 59.8% se desempeñaba como docente. Con respecto a los problemas de salud diagnosticados, 17.0% presentó hipertensión arterial; 4.5%, diabetes mellitus II, y 4.5% padecía ambas enfermedades; 46.4% se encontró en nivel de sobrepeso y 23.9% en algún grado de obesidad. En el índice general de estilo de vida promotor de la salud fue de 39.2 puntos (nivel medio) y asertividad de 74.5 puntos (nivel alto); se encontró relación positiva y significativa entre la asertividad y el índice general del estilo de vida promotor de la salud (r=0.22, p<0.05) y las dimensiones de desarrollo espiritual (r=0.35, p<0.01) y de relaciones interpersonales (r=0.29, p<0.01). Asimismo, la cifra de glucosa, uno de los parámetros del estado de salud, se relacionó de manera inversa con el estilo de vida promotor de la salud (r=-0.20, p<0.05) y con las dimensiones de actividad física (r=-0.24, p<0.01) y de manejo del estrés (r=-0.24, p<0.01).Conclusión. Los hallazgos muestran la relación que existe entre el estilo de vida promotor de la salud y la asertividad en trabajadores universitarios estudiados, por lo que se justifica el diseño de intervenciones educativas de enfermería tendientes a mejorar estos aspectos.

Objetivo. Analisar as variáveis estilo de vida promotor da saúde, assertividade e sua relação com o estado de saúde em trabalhadores universitários. Métodos. Estudo correlacional no qual participaram 112 trabalhadores selecionados por amostra aleatória tipo censo. Para a toma de informação se utilizou um formulário que incluiu dados sócio-demográficos, antropométricos e clínicos, ademais da escala de estilo de vida promotor da saúde de Walker et al. e do questionário de assertividade de Lazarus e Folkman. Resultados. Os participantes tinham entre 24 e 72 anos de idade (Media=45), 61.6% foram mulheres, 49.1% trabalhavam no turno matutino e 59.8% se desempenhava como docente. Com respeito aos problemas de saúde diagnosticados: 17.0% apresentaram hipertensão arterial, 4.5% diabetes mellitus II e 4.5% padecem ambas doenças, 46.4% se encontrou em nível de sobrepeso e 23.9% em algum grau de obesidade. O índice geral de estilo de vida promotor da saúde foi de 39.2 pontos (nível médio) e assertividade de 74.5 pontos (nível alto), se encontrou relação positiva e significativa entre a assertividade e o índice geral de estilo de vida promotor da saúde (r=0.22, p<0.05) e as dimensões de desenvolvimento espiritual (r=0.35, p<0.01) e de relações interpessoais (r=0.29, p<0.01). Assim mesmo, a cifra de glicose, um dos parâmetros do estado de saúde, se relacionou de maneira inversa com o estilo de vida promotor da saúde (r=-0.20, p<0.05) e com as dimensões de atividade física (r=-0.24, p<0.01) e de manejo do estresse (r=-0.24, p<0.01).Conclusão. Os resultados mostram a relação que existe entre o estilo de vida promotor da saúde e a assertividade em trabalhadores universitários estudados, pelo que se justifica o desenho de intervenções educativas de enfermagem tendentes a melhorar estes aspectos.

Health-promoting lifestyle and assertiveness in university workers.

OBJECTIVES: The work sought to analyze the health-promoting lifestyle variables, assertiveness, and their relation to health condition in university workers. METHODS: This was a correlational study with the participation of 112 workers selected through census-type random sampling. To gather information, a form was used that included sociodemographic, anthropometric, and clinical data, in addition to the health-promoting lifestyle scale by Walker et al., and the Assertiveness Questionnaire by Lazarus and Folkman. RESULTS: Participants ranged between 24 and 72 years of age (mean = 45), 61.6% were women, 49.1% worked the day shift, and 59.8% worked as teaching staff. With respect to health problems diagnosed: 17.0% had high blood pressure, 4.5% type II diabetes mellitus, and 4.5% suffer both diseases; 46.4% were found with overweight condition and 23.9% with some degree of obesity. The general index of health-promoting lifestyle was of 39.2 points (medium level) and assertiveness of 74.5 points (high level). A positive and significant relationship was found between assertiveness and the general index of the health-promoting lifestyle (r = 0.22, p <0.05) and the dimensions of spiritual development (r = 0.35, p<0.01) and interpersonal relations (r = 0.29, p <0.01). Likewise, glucose level, one of the parameters of the health condition, was inversely related to the health-promoting lifestyle (r = -0.20, p <0.05) and to the dimensions of physical activity (r = -0.24, p <0.01) and stress management (r = -0.24, p <0.01). RESULTS: Participants ranged between 24 and 72 years of age (mean = 45), 61.6% were women, 49.1% worked the day shift, and 59.8% worked as teaching staff. With respect to health problems diagnosed: 17.0% had high blood pressure, 4.5% type II diabetes mellitus, and 4.5% suffer both diseases; 46.4% were found with overweight condition and 23.9% with some degree of obesity. The general index of health-promoting lifestyle was of 39.2 points (medium level) and assertiveness of 74.5 points (high level). A positive and significant relationship was found between assertiveness and the general index of the health-promoting lifestyle (r = 0.22, p <0.05) and the dimensions of spiritual development (r = 0.35, p<0.01) and interpersonal relations (r = 0.29, p <0.01). Likewise, glucose level, one of the parameters of the health condition, was inversely related to the health-promoting lifestyle (r = -0.20, p <0.05) and to the dimensions of physical activity (r = -0.24, p <0.01) and stress management (r = -0.24, p <0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The findings show the relationship between the health-promoting lifestyle and assertiveness in university workers studied, which justifies the design of educational interventions from nursing aimed at improving these aspects.

Comprender, castigar o ejemplificar: ¿Qué hacer ante las adicciones? / To understand, to punish or to exemplify: What to do when confronted with addictions?

El fenómeno de las adicciones se ha convertido en una problemática que afecta a la población en general, por lo que este artículo tiene por objetivo reflexionar si las conductas adictivas que desarrollan las personas son conductas normales ante las exigencias sociales o conductas aprendidas que observan dentro de la familia. Asimismo, destaca la importancia que implica educar desde el núcleo familiar para prevenir el uso de drogas

Today the phenomenon of addiction has become a problem that affects the general population. This article aims to reflect on whether addictive behaviors of individuals are normal responses to social demands or learned conducts observed within the family. It involves the importance of education within the family to prevent drug use

O fenômeno da dependência transformou-se numa problemática que afeta a população em geral. Por isso, este artigo visa refletir a respeito de se as dependências que desenvolvem as pessoas são condutas normais perante as exigências sociais ou condutas adquiridas na família. Salienta também a importância da prevenção no próprio núcleo familiar contra o uso de drogas

Estudio comparativo en el comportamiento anterior y actual del dependiente de alcohol en proceso de rehabilitación / Comparative study on the previous and current behavior of the alcohol dependent in rehabilitation process

Introducción: En México, el alcoholismo representa el 11.3% de la carga total de enfermedades, 49% de los suicidios, 38% de los homicidios y 38% de los casos de lesiones, particularmente entre jóvenes de 15 a 25 años de edad. Estos datos brindan un panorama sobre lo que el consumo de alcohol genera a nivel del comportamiento, y que por consecuencia, se ve reflejado en las acciones que realiza la persona. Objetivo: Proponer una red conceptual entre el comportamiento anterior y actual del dependiente de alcohol en el proceso de rehabilitación.Materiales y Métodos: Estudio cualitativo, descriptivo, transversal; con una muestra de 8 sujetos adscritos al Grupo de Alcohólicos Anónimos seleccionados aleatoriamente. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó el instrumento “Cuestionario para valorar el comportamiento del dependiente de alcohol”. El análisis de datos se realizó bajo los conceptos de la Teoría Fundamentada. Resultados: Existe mayor prevalencia de consumo en individuos de 26, 27 y 30 años. El análisis cualitativo permitió establecer una red conceptual entre el comportamiento anterior y actual del dependiente de alcohol en el proceso de rehabilitación, la cual refleja una evolución de conducta violenta a conducta positiva por la influencia del Grupo de Alcohólicos Anónimos. Discusión: La ingesta inmoderada de bebidas alcohólicas es capaz de perturbar la conducta y convertir gradualmente al hombre en un agresor potencial; sin embargo, algunos pueden tomar una conducta de aislamiento. Conclusiones:La participación dentro del grupo permite un cambio de conducta al identificar las experiencias de otras personas, facilitando así, la reintegración social.

Introduction: In Mexico, alcoholism represents 11.3% of the total disease burden, 49% of suicides, 38% of homicides and 38% of injury cases, particularly in youngs of 15 and 25 years old. These data provide an overview of what the alcohol level generates in the behavior, and consequently, is the reflected in the actions taken by the person. Objective: To propose a conceptual network between the previous and current behavior of the dependent on alcohol in the rehabilitation process. Material and Methods: Qualitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study; with a sample of 8 subjects assigned to Group AA randomly selected. By the collect of data was used the instrument "Questionnaire to assess the behavior of dependent alcohol". The data analysis was performed under the concepts of Grounded Theory. Results: There is higher prevalence in individuals of 26, 27 and 30 aged. The qualitative analysis enabled a conceptual network between the previous and current behavior in the dependent of alcohol in rehabilitation process, which reflects an evolution of violent behavior a positive behavior by the influence of Alcoholics Anonymous Group. Discussion: The immoderate consumption of alcohol can disrupt the behavior and gradually turn the man in a potential aggressor; however, some may take conduct of isolation. Conclusions: The participation in the group allows a behavioral change by identifying the experiences of others, facilitating the social reintegration.