Incidental finding of left-sided superior vena cava: A case report and comprehensive literature review.

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is a rare vascular anomaly that affects systemic venous circulation. PLSVC typically is asymptomatic as the return of venous blood to the right atrium occurs through the coronary sinus. It is important to possess a comprehensive understanding of drainage as it can present challenges in catheter placement on the right side of the heart, aiming to prevent potential complications. CASE PRESENTATION: A 59-year-old female patient presented at the medical service with abdominal distention. During the examination, the presence of ascites was observed. Subsequent studies revealed peritoneal carcinomatosis of unknown origin. The patient underwent staging laparoscopy with biopsy sampling. Consequently, the placement of a catheter for chemotherapy was performed. A portable chest X-ray was obtained revealing the catheter extending along the left subclavian vein and progressing through the left paramediastinal regionThe presence of persistent left superior vena cava was confirmed after reviewing prior studies. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: The most common abnormality in the venous drainage system is PLSVC. Approximately 40 % of PLSVC cases have associated significant cardiovascular anomalies, with septal defects being the most common. Recognizing anomalies and anatomical variants with the involvement of a multidisciplinary team is critical to prevent vascular complications during endovascular procedures and to tailor techniques for patients in need of cardiac endovascular procedures or cardiac devices. CONCLUSION: PLSVC is often asymptomatic and discovered incidentally, it is essential to have a comprehensive understanding of this anomaly and perform meticulous imaging workup to prevent potential complications.

Incidence of appendiceal neoplasms in appendectomy patients.

BACKGROUND: Non-operative management has been suggested as a therapy for uncomplicated appendicitis. Notwithstanding, the risk of missing an appendiceal tumor must be considered, being the surgical piece crucial to rule out neoplasms. Therefore, we aim to determine the incidence of appendiceal neoplasms in patients with acute appendicitis, tumor types and the importance of the anatomopathological study of the surgical piece. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study in which we described patients who underwent emergent appendectomy with histopathological findings of appendiceal neoplasms from January 2012 to September 2018. Descriptive analysis included demographic variables, diagnostic methods, and surgical techniques. RESULTS: 2993 patients diagnosed with acute appendicitis who underwent an emergency appendectomy. 64 neoplasms of the appendix were found with an incidence of 2,14%. 67.2% were women, the mean age was 46,4 years (± 19.5). The most frequent appendiceal neoplasms were neuroendocrine tumors (42,2%), followed by appendiceal mucinous neoplasms (35,9%), sessile serrated adenomas (18,8%), and adenocarcinomas (3,1%). In 89,1% of the cases, acute appendicitis was determined by imaging, and 14% of cases were suspected intraoperatively. Appendectomy was performed in 78,1% without additional procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Appendiceal tumors are rare and must be ruled out in patients with suspected acute appendicitis. The incidence of incidental neoplasms is higher in this study than in the previously reported series. This information must be included in decision-making when considering treatment options for acute appendicitis.

Extrapulmonary bronchogenic cyst: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Bronchogenic cysts (BCs) are rare congenital lesions that originate from the tracheobronchial bud and can be found in any organ derived from the embryonic foregut. Complete surgical excision is the treatment of choice, and the definitive diagnosis is established by histopathological examination. PRESENTATION OF THE CASE: 41-year-old female with diastolic arterial hypertension and a heterogeneous mass, with multiple calcifications and a solid component with well-defined regular contours. A biochemical study revealed no functionality. Intraoperatively we noticed an adrenal gland-dependent mass with a cystic component and an area of sebaceous content and histological examination confirmed a bronchogenic cyst. DISCUSSION: The majority of cases of BCs are asymptomatic. They can be intrapulmonary, mediastinal or ectopic, being the left adrenal region the most common retroperitoneal location. Symptomatic cysts should always be surgically resected either by thoracotomy or a minimally invasive technique, which has been shown to improve postoperative discomfort and shorten hospital stay with reliable postoperative outcomes. CONCLUSION: Despite their low incidence, it is important to consider BCs in the differential diagnosis of retroperitoneal masses, particularly in the left para-adrenal region.

Mucinous appendix intussusception: Case report.

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Intussusception is an intestinal invagination of one bowel segment into another. It occurs mostly in children, but it can show in adults due to different etiologies. Appendiceal neoplasms are rare and can mimic an acute onset of appendicitis. Appendiceal mucinous neoplasm is one of the subtypes of appendiceal malignancies found in less than 1 % of appendectomies samples. CASE PRESENTATION: We present the case of a 32-year-old woman with abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant, whose computed tomography revealed an ileocolic intussusception and a low-density tubular image in the distal loop. She underwent diagnostic laparoscopy and laparoscopic right colectomy. Biopsy results confirmed a LAMN with acute appendicitis and intussusception. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: Appendiceal intussusception (AI) is associated with the alteration of peristalsis, in addition to multiple inflammatory conditions and diseases such as parasites, foreign bodies, Crohn's disease, and lymphoid hyperplasia. The pathophysiology of AI is not fully established, but the main appendicular alteration that has been associated with it is the presence of a tumor. AI lead points are typically pathological in 90 % of cases, 65 % of which are neoplastic in nature. Right hemicolectomy should be performed for tumors involving the periappendicular area or in those larger than 2 cm in size. Follow-up and surveillance colonoscopy is suggested. CONCLUSION: Intussusception is a rare diagnosis in adults. However, malignancy should be suspected if identified.

Laparoendoscopic assisted surgery for a gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST): A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are infrequent, and clinical presentation varies between asymptomatic and diffuse symptoms such as abdominal pain and dyspepsia. Surgical approach depends on location and size of the tumor. There are some reports of the specific surgical approach for GIST located at the gastroesophageal junction. This is a case report of a patient with a GIST located specifically at the gastroesophageal junction and the surgical approach selected for the treatment. PRESENTATION OF THE CASE: A 70-year-old patient who developed an episode of upper gastrointestinal bleeding with hemorrhagic shock accompanied by elevated troponins that required transfusion therapy and whose endoscopic evaluation showed a subcardial ulcerated lesion of 16 × 5 mm, located 2 cm below the z-line. The lesion was biopsied and was negative for malignancy. A combined surgical approach for resection by combined laparoscopy and submucosal resection by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed by the interventional gastroenterology service and surgical oncology service. DISCUSSION: Specific management of GISTs depends on the location of the tumor, even though, complete surgical resection remains the gold standard treatment. Minimally invasive techniques can be used to assess these tumors leading to shorter hospital stays and lesser risk of complications. Laparoendoscopic cooperative surgery is a promising approach for managing lesions near the gastroesophageal junction. CONCLUSION: GISTs located near the gastroesophageal junction require a complex approach. The laparaendoscopic approach seems to be a feasible approach for GIST in the gastroesophageal junction.

Access to paediatric cardiac surgery in Colombia: a population-based study.

OBJECTIVES: Globally congenital heart disease mortality is declining, yet the proportion of infant deaths attributable to heart disease rises in Colombia and other middle-sociodemographic countries. We aimed to assess the accessibility of paediatric cardiac surgery (PCS) to children <18 years of age in 2016 in the South American country of Colombia. METHODS: In Bogotá, Colombia, a multi-national team used cross-sectional and retrospective cohort study designs to adapt and evaluate 4 health system indicators at the national level: first, the population with timely geographic access to an institution providing PCS; second, the number of paediatric cardiac surgeons; third, this specialized procedure volume and its national distribution; and fourth, the 30-day perioperative mortality rate after PCS in Colombia. RESULTS: Geospatial mapping approximates 64% (n = 9 894 356) of the under-18 Colombian population lives within 2-h drivetime of an institution providing PCS. Twenty-eight cardiovascular surgeons report performing PCS, 82% (n = 23) with formal training. In 2016, 1281 PCS procedures were registered, 90% of whom were performed in 6 of the country's 32 departments. National non-risk-adjusted all-cause 30-day perioperative mortality rate after PCS was 2.73% (n = 35). CONCLUSIONS: Colombia's paediatric population had variable access to cardiac surgery in 2016, largely dependent upon geography. While the country may have the capacity to provide timely, high-quality care to those who need it, our study enables future comparative analyses to measure the impact of health system interventions facilitating healthcare equity for the underserved populations across Colombia and the Latin American region.

A granular analysis of service delivery for surgical system strengthening: Application of the Lancet indicators for policy development in Colombia.

Background: The Lancet Commission on Global Surgery (LCoGS) surgical indicators have given the surgical community metrics for objectively characterizing the disparity in access to surgical healthcare. However, aggregate national statistics lack sufficient specificity to inform strengthening plans at the community level. We performed a second-stage analysis of Colombian surgical system service delivery to inform the development of resource- and context-sensitive interventions to inform a revision of the Decennial Public Health Plan for access inequity resolution. Methods: Data from the year 2016 to inform total operative volume (TOV) and 30-day non-risk adjusted peri-operative mortality (POMR) were collected from the Colombian national health information system. TOV and POMR were sub-characterized by demographics, urgency, service line, disease pathology and facility location. Findings: In 2016, aggregate national mortality was 0·87%, while mortality attributable to elective and emergency surgery was 0·73% and 1·30%, respectively. The elderly experienced a 5·6-fold higher mortality, with 4·2% undergoing an operation within 30 days of dying. Individuals undergoing hepatobiliary, thoracic, cardiac, and neurosurgical operations experienced the highest mortality rates while obstetrics, general surgery, orthopaedics, and urology performed the largest procedure volume. Finally, analysis of operation and service line specific POMR reveals opportunities for improvement. Interpretation: This granular second-stage analysis provides actionable data which is fundamental to the development of resource and context-sensitive interventions to address gaps and inequities in surgical system service delivery. Furthermore, this analysis validates the modeling underlying development of the LCoGS indicators. These data will inform the assessment of implementation priorities and revision of the Colombian Decennial Public Health Plan. Funding: None.

Use of the six core surgical indicators from the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery in Colombia: a situational analysis.

BACKGROUND: Surgical, anaesthetic, and obstetric (SAO) health-care system strengthening is needed to address the emergency and essential surgical care that approximately 5 billion individuals lack globally. To our knowledge, a complete, non-modelled national situational analysis based on the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery surgical indicators has not been done. We aimed to undertake a complete situation analysis of SAO system preparedness, service delivery, and financial risk protection using the core surgical indicators proposed by the Commission in Colombia, an upper-middle-income country. METHODS: Data to inform the six core surgical system indicators were abstracted from the Colombian national health information system and the most recent national health survey done in 2007. Geographical access to a Bellwether hospital (defined as a hospital capable of providing essential and emergency surgery) within 2 h was assessed by determining 2 h drive time boundaries around Bellwether facilities and the population within and outside these boundaries. Physical 2 h access to a Bellwether was determined by the presence of a motor vehicle suitable for individual transportation. The Department Administrativo Nacional de Estadística population projection for 2016 and 2018 was used to calculate the SAO provider density. Total operative volume was calculated for 2016 and expressed nationally per 100 000 population. The total number of postoperative deaths that occurred within 30 days of a procedure was divided by the total operative volume to calculate the all-cause, non-risk-adjusted postoperative mortality. The proportion of the population subject to impoverishing costs was calculated by subtracting the baseline number of impoverished individuals from those who fell below the poverty line once out-of-pocket payments were accounted for. Individuals who incurred out-of-pocket payments that were more than 10% of their annual household income were considered to have experienced catastrophic expenditure. Using GIS mapping, SAO system preparedness, service delivery, and cost protection were also contextualised by socioeconomic status. FINDINGS: In 2016, at least 7·1 million people (15·1% of the population) in Colombia did not have geographical access to SAO services within a 2 h driving distance. SAO provider density falls short of the Commission's minimum target of 20 providers per 100 000 population, at an estimated density of 13·7 essential SAO health-care providers per 100 000 population in 2018. Lower socioeconomic status of a municipality, as indicated by proportion of people enrolled in the subsidised insurance regime, was associated with a smaller proportion of the population in the municipality being within 2 h of a Bellwether facility, and the most socioeconomically disadvantaged municipalities often had no SAO providers. Furthermore, Colombian providers appear to be working at or beyond capacity, doing 2690-3090 procedures per 100 000 population annually, but they have maintained a relatively low median postoperative mortality of 0·74% (IQR 0·48-0·84). Finally, out-of-pocket expenses for indirect health-care costs were a key barrier to accessing surgical care, prompting 3·1 million (6·4% of the population) individuals to become impoverished and 9·5 million (19·4% of the population) individuals to incur catastrophic expenditures in 2007. INTERPRETATION: We did a non-modelled, indicator-based situation analysis of the Colombian SAO system, finding that it has not yet met, but is working towards achieving, the targets set by the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery. The observed interdependence of these indicators and correlation with socioeconomic status are consistent with well recognised factors and outcomes of social, health, and health-care inequity. The internal consistency observed in Colombia's situation analysis validates the use of the indicators and has now informed development of an early national SAO plan in Colombia, to set a data-informed stage for implementation and evaluation of timely, safe, and affordable SAO health care, within the National Public Health Decennial Plan, which is due in 2022. FUNDING: Zoll Medical.

Minimally Invasive Gastric Surgery.

The incidence of gastric cancer is increasing in the United States, particularly for various subtypes as well as presenting in earlier states. Such changes have allowed various centers to increasingly offer less invasive approaches to the treatment of gastric cancer, namely laparoscopic and robotic techniques. Minimally invasive gastrectomy has been suggested to have similar oncology outcomes compared to open procedures. In the last two decades, large retrospective and a series of randomized trials evaluated the role of minimally invasive gastrectomy for early gastric cancer, distal gastrectomy, total gastrectomy and advanced gastric cancer. As the experience with emerging technologies such as robotic assisted gastrectomies increases, the indications for minimally invasive surgery will likely expand.

Initial report of near-infrared fluorescence imaging as an intraoperative adjunct for lymph node harvesting during robot-assisted laparoscopic gastrectomy.

INTRODUCTION: Adequate lymphadenectomy is a fundamental aspect of oncologically sound gastrectomies. Robot-assisted laparoscopic gastrectomy is a minimally invasive alternative that allows functional imaging to be easily integrated to the surgical field and may aid in intraoperative identification of lymphovascular bundles. METHODS: Indocyanine green application and near-infrared fluorescence imaging were used during robot-assisted laparoscopic gastrectomy as an adjunct for the identification of relevant lymph node basins in real time. RESULTS: A total of 31 patients were included. Twenty-nine gastrectomies were performed for adenocarcinoma and two wedge resections for neuroendocrine tumors. The mean lymph node retrieval was twenty-nine (range 17-61) for adenocarcinoma and five for neuroendocrine tumors. In all cases, at least five lymph nodes were seen along the main nodal basins, which provided real time intraoperative feedback regarding lymph node identification. Average time for indocyanine green application and functional imaging was less than 10 min. CONCLUSIONS: Near-infrared fluorescent imaging may provide an improved method to help visualize lymph nodes intraoperatively during robot-assisted laparoscopic gastrectomy, thus adding a potentially valuable adjunct for lymphadenectomy and overall lymph node retrieval. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;113:768-770. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The effect of video review of resident laparoscopic surgical skills measured by self- and external assessment.

BACKGROUND: Video review of surgical skills is an educational modality that allows trainees to reflect on self-performance. The purpose of this study was to determine whether resident and attending assessments of a resident's laparoscopic performance differ and whether video review changes assessments. METHODS: Third-year surgery residents were invited to participate. Elective laparoscopic procedures were video recorded. The Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills evaluation was completed immediately after the procedure and again 7 to 10 days later by both resident and attending. Scores were compared using t tests. RESULTS: Nine residents participated and 76 video reviews were completed. Residents scored themselves significantly lower than the faculty scores both before and after video review. Resident scores did not change significantly after video review. CONCLUSIONS: Attending and resident self-assessment of laparoscopic skills differs and subsequent video review does not significantly affect Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills scores. Further studies should evaluate the impact of video review combined with verbal feedback on skill acquisition and assessment.

Well differentiated neuroendocrine tumor of the appendix and low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm presenting as a collision tumor

No disponible

Safety and quality outcomes in peritoneal surface malignancy patients: developing a national center for excellence in Colombia.

BACKGROUND: Cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS + HIPEC) is being used more frequently for the treatment of peritoneal surface malignancies. There are a paucity of data regarding safety and quality outcomes in this group of patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate safety events and quality measures in a group of patients who underwent CRS + HIPEC. METHODS: All patients who underwent CRS + HIPEC procedures between December 2007 and March 2014 were included. All safety-related events and quality outcomes were reviewed. Major events were defined as occurrences in which there was harm to patient or healthcare personnel. Minor events were defined as quality or safety events in which there was potential for damage. RESULTS: A total of 72 patients were included. The mean Peritoneal Cancer Index for the study group was 20.5. One hundred percent compliance for informed consent, patient identification and surgical site marking, and antibiotic and venous thromboembolism prophylaxis guidelines was identified. The incidence of major safety events was 37.5 %. Minor events occurred in 47.2 % of patients. There was a 2.78 % 30-day mortality in the study group. CONCLUSIONS: One in three patients undergoing CRS + HIPEC procedures experienced a major safety or quality event before, during, or after surgery. Adequate surgical care alone is not sufficient to prevent these occurrences. Active surveillance of safety events and quality leads to early detection and development of improvement plans. New CRS + HIPEC centers need to adhere to strict safety and quality guidelines to ensure excellent patient outcomes.