[Family planning methods based on fertility awareness]. / Métodos de planificación familiar basados en el conocimiento de la fertilidad.

The desire to limit fertility is recognized both by individuals and by nations. The concept of family planning is based on the right of individuals and couples to regulate their fertility and is based in the area of health, human rights and population. Despite the changes in policies and family planning programs worldwide, there are large geographic areas that have not yet met the minimum requirements in this regard, the reasons are multiple, including economic reasons but also ideological or religious. Knowledge on the physiology of the menstrual cycle, specifically ovulation process has been further enhanced due to the advances in reproductive medicine research. The series of events around ovulation are used to detect the "fertile window", this way women will look for the possibility of postponing their pregnancy or actually start looking for it. The aim of this article is to review the current methods of family planning based on fertility awareness, from the historical methods like the core temperature determination and rhythm, to the most popular ones like the Billings ovulation method, the Sympto-thermal method and current methods like the two days, and the standard days method. There are also mentioned methods that require electronic devices or specifically computer designed ones to detect this "window of fertility". The spread and popularity of these methods is low and their knowledge among physicians, including gynecologists, is also quite scarce. The effectiveness of these methods has been difficult to quantify due to the lack of well designed, randomized studies which are affected by small populations of patients using these methods. The publications mention high effectiveness with their proper use, but not with typical use, what indicates the need for increased awareness among medical practitioners and trainers, obtaining a better use and understanding of methods and reducing these discrepancies.

Resolución laparoscópica de translocación abdominal de dispositivo intrauterino: Reporte de un caso / Laparoscopic removal of an intra-abdominal translocated intrauterine device: Case report

A partir de que Richter R, en 1909, realizó la primera publicación sobre el uso de dispositivos intrauterinos con fines anticonceptivos, la forma, los materiales, las indicaciones, así como las contraindicaciones han evolucionado hasta convertirse en el método de planificación familiar más usado en el mundo. El riesgo de perforación durante la inserción es bajo; sin embargo, ha sido referida. En la literatura se ha descrito el uso de la laparoscopia para la extracción de dispositivos intrauterinos migrados a cavidad abdominal. En la presente publicación se reporta el caso clínico de una mujer de 29 años de edad, con antecedente de colocación de dispositivo intrauterino, dos años previos, por vía vaginal sin complicación aparente; comenta sólo dolor de cólico posterior a la colocación que va cediendo a analgésicos vía oral no especificados, sin sintomatología hasta la fecha. Acude a revisión y realización de citología cervical donde no se encuentran hilos guía del dispositivo intrauterino. Mediante radiografía simple de abdomen y bajo fluoroscopia se determina la localización intraabdominal del testigo radiopaco del dispositivo, es valorada por el Servicio de Cirugía General y se determina a realizar la extracción del mismo por vía laparoscópica sin complicaciones; se encontró el dispositivo con adherencias a omento mayor, sin afección aparente de órganos intraabdominales. La Organización Mundial de la Salud recomienda la extracción inmediata de los dispositivos intrauterinos que han migrado. La migración del dispositivo intrauterino a la cavidad abdominal es una complicación poco frecuente, y la presentación como hallazgo en pacientes asintomáticas es aún menos frecuente; en una revisión sistemática de la literatura, Richdeep S y cols. valoraron 49 artículos en los que encontraron 179 casos de manejo laparoscópico, reportando al omento como el sitio más frecuente de localización (26.7%). La relevancia del presente caso radica en la presentación asintomática dos años posteriores a su inserción, la ruta diagnóstica utilizando radiografías simples y fluoroscopia, así como la extracción sin complicaciones y con excelente resultado, vía laparoscópica.

Since Richter R. in 1909 performed the first publication on the use of intrauterine devices; materials, forms, indications and contraindications of these have evolved to become the method most widely used family planning in the world. Although the risk of perforation during insertion is low, it exists. The literature has described the use of laparoscopy for removal of intrauterine devices migrated to the abdominal cavity. Case report: 29 years old woman who two years before suffers colic pain posterior to application of an intrauterine device with no complications, and diminishes with the use of unspecified analgesics, and stays asymptomatic to date. She attended a review, and underwent to cervical cytology, during the procedure, was impossible to see the strings of the intrauterine device. Plain abdominal radiography and fluoroscopy were done to determine the location of the radiopaque intraabdominal witness. Assessed by the General Surgery Service we determined extraction of the device by laparoscopy and was done without any complication. Findings: strong omentum adhesions to the device, but no apparent damage to other abdominal organs. The World Health Organization recommends the immediate removal of intrauterine devices that have migrated. The migration of the intrauterine devices into the abdominal cavity is a rare complication, and the presentation as an incidental finding in asymptomatic patients is even less common, a systematic review of literature, Richdeep S. et al, evaluated 49 items found 179 cases of laparoscopic management reporting the omentum as the most common site of localization (26.7%). The relevance of this case lies in the asyntomatic presentation two years after insertion, the diagnostic route using radiographs and fluoroscopy, and extraction without complications and with excellent results laparoscopically.