Diagnóstico del carcinoma medular de tiroides / Diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma

Introducción: El carcinoma medular de tiroides (CMT) es un tumor maligno neuroendocrino poco frecuente derivado de las células parafoliculares o células C del tiroides. En el momento del diagnóstico presentan metástasis ganglionares más del 50% y a distancia el 10%. Su pronóstico depende en gran parte del estadio del tumor, por lo que su diagnóstico temprano es fundamental.Objetivo: El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar una revisión actualizada sobre el abordaje diagnóstico del CMT.Síntesis: La ecografía es la principal herramienta en la estratificación del nódulo tiroideo, pero la mayor parte de los estudios se han centrado en el carcinoma papilar de tiroides. En el caso del CMT las características ecográficas sospechosas de malignidad suelen ser menos frecuentes y esto podría conducir a un retraso diagnóstico y terapéutico, por lo que se debe combinar con técnicas diagnósticas adicionales. En estos tumores la sensibilidad del estudio citológico del nódulo mediante punción aspiración con aguja fina generalmente es baja, y en aquellos casos de sospecha de CMT se recomienda realizar inmunohistoquímica para calcitonina y determinar la calcitonina en el aspirado de la punción. La calcitonina plasmática es el marcador más sensible para el diagnóstico de estos pacientes, pero su determinación rutinaria en el estudio del nódulo tiroideo es controvertida. Sus niveles se relacionan con la masa de células C y la presencia de metástasis ganglionares. Si son superiores a 500 pg/ml se recomienda realizar estudio de extensión con pruebas de imagen complementarias por sospecha de enfermedad metastásica. Es importante solicitar estudio genético a todos los pacientes, ya que el 25% son hereditarios formando parte de la neoplasia endocrina múltiple tipo 2 asociada a mutación en el gen RET. (AU)

Introduction: Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare neuroendocrine malignant tumor derived from the parafollicular cells or thyroid C cells. At the time of diagnosis, over 50 % of patients have lymph node metastases, and 10 % have distant metastases. Prognosis is largely dependent on tumor stage and, therefore, early diagnosis is essential. Objective: The aim of this work is to present an updated review of the diagnostic approach for MTC. Summary: Thyroid ultrasound is the main tool used for thyroid nodule stratification; however, most studies have focused on papillary thyroid carcinoma. In MTC, ultra-sonographic findings suggestive of malignancy are usually less frequent and this could delay diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, ultrasound examination should be combined with additional diagnostic techniques. The sensitivity of the fine-needle aspiration cytology is generally low for these types of tumors and when MTC is suspected, it is recommended to perform immunohistochemical for calcitonin and measurement of calcitonin in washout fluid of thyroid nodule aspirate. Serum calcitonin is the most sensitive marker for diagnosing this condition; however, its routine measurement in the evaluation of thyroid nodule is contro-versial. Serum calcitonin levels are related to C-cell mass and the presence of lymph node metastases. When these levels are above 500 pg/mL suggest distant metastatic disease and additional imaging procedures are indicated. Genetic testing should be offered to all patients because 25 % of these carcinomas are hereditary and are part of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 syndrome associated with a germline RET mutation. (AU)

Aetiological diagnosis of hyponatraemia in non-critical patients on total parenteral nutrition: A prospective multicentre study.

BACKGROUND: In patients receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN), the frequency of hyponatraemia is high. However, the causes of hyponatraemia in TPN have not been elucidated, although diagnosis is required for appropriate therapy. The aim of this study is to describe the aetiology of hyponatraemia in non-critical hospitalised patients receiving TPN. METHODS: Prospective multicentre study in 19 Spanish hospitals. Non-critically hyponatraemic patients receiving TPN and presenting hyponatraemia over a 9-month period were studied. Data collected included sex, age, previous comorbidities, and serum sodium levels (SNa) before and following TPN initiation. Parameters for study of hyponatraemia were also included: clinical volaemia, the presence of pain, nausea, gastrointestinal losses, diuretic use, oedema, renal function, plasma and urine osmolality, urinary electrolytes, cortisolaemia, and thyroid stimulating hormone. RESULTS: 162 patients were included, 53.7% males, age 66.4 (SD13.8) years. Volume status was evaluated in 142 (88%): 21 (14.8%) were hypovolaemic, 96 (67.6%) euvolaemic and 25 (17.6%) hypervolaemic. In 111/142 patients the analytical assessment of hyponatraemia was completed. Hypovolaemic hyponatraemia was secondary to GI losses in 10/111 (9%), and to diuretics in 3/111 (2.7%). Euvolaemic hyponatraemia was due to Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone secretion (SIADH) in 47/111 (42.4%), and to physiological stimuli of Arginine Vasopressin (AVP) secretion in 28/111 (25.2%). Hypervolaemic hyponatraemia was induced by heart failure in 19/111 (17.1%), cirrhosis of the liver in 4/111 (3.6%). CONCLUSIONS: SIADH was the most frequent cause of hyponatraemia in patients receiving TPN. The second most frequent cause was physiological stimuli of AVP secretion induced by pain/nausea.

Aetiological diagnosis of hyponatraemia in non-critical patients on total parenteral nutrition: A prospective multicentre study.

BACKGROUND: In patients receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN), the frequency of hyponatraemia is high. However, the causes of hyponatraemia in TPN have not been elucidated, although diagnosis is required for appropriate therapy. The aim of this study is to describe the aetiology of hyponatraemia in non-critical hospitalised patients receiving TPN. METHODS: Prospective multicentre study in 19 Spanish hospitals. Non-critically hyponatraemic patients receiving TPN and presenting hyponatraemia over a 9-month period were studied. Data collected included sex, age, previous comorbidities, and serum sodium levels (SNa) before and following TPN initiation. Parameters for study of hyponatraemia were also included: clinical volaemia, the presence of pain, nausea, gastrointestinal losses, diuretic use, oedema, renal function, plasma and urine osmolality, urinary electrolytes, cortisolaemia, and thyroid stimulating hormone. RESULTS: 162 patients were included, 53.7% males, age 66.4 (SD13.8) years. Volume status was evaluated in 142 (88%): 21 (14.8%) were hypovolaemic, 96 (67.6%) euvolaemic and 25 (17.6%) hypervolaemic. In 111/142 patients the analytical assessment of hyponatraemia was completed. Hypovolaemic hyponatraemia was secondary to GI losses in 10/111 (9%), and to diuretics in 3/111 (2.7%). Euvolaemic hyponatraemia was due to Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone secretion (SIADH) in 47/111 (42.4%), and to physiological stimuli of Arginine Vasopressin (AVP) secretion in 28/111 (25.2%). Hypervolaemic hyponatraemia was induced by heart failure in 19/111 (17.1%), cirrhosis of the liver in 4/111 (3.6%). CONCLUSIONS: SIADH was the most frequent cause of hyponatraemia in patients receiving TPN. The second most frequent cause was physiological stimuli of AVP secretion induced by pain/nausea.

Portfolio of services in Endocrinology and Nutrition. 2020 update. / Cartera de servicios en Endocrinología y Nutrición. Actualización 2020.

Endocrinology and Nutrition is a medical specialty covering the study and treatment of diseases of the endocrine system, metabolism and those derived from the nutritional process, including knowledge of diagnostic techniques and dietary and therapeutic measures. In order to develop these activities and plan the management of resources allocated for this purpose, the so-called Portfolio of Services of the specialty has to be defined. A Portfolio of Services is defined as the set of techniques, technologies or procedures through which care services are provided in a healthcare centre, department or institution. It is an essential tool for organization of a hospital Unit or Department by defining the roles and procedures of its healthcare professionals, and also for structuring the resources required to perform the activity. It also allows for defining how to use these resources and identifying the objectives to be achieved, improving the quality of clinical care. Finally, the definition and preparation of the portfolio of services makes it possible to have an inventory of the offer of healthcare services and to detect new healthcare needs.

Tratamiento médico del hiperparatiroidismo primario / Medical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism

El diagnóstico de hiperparatiroidismo primario en pacientes sin criterio quirúrgico es cada vez más frecuente. Aunque la evidencia de calidad es escasa en algunos casos, cada vez se dispone de más datos que nos permiten conocer el efecto de los distintos fármacos sobre la calcemia, la afectación ósea y renal en pacientes sometidos a ellos durante periodos prolongados de tiempo

The diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism in patients without surgical criteria is increasingly frequent. Although quality evidence is scarce in some cases, last years there are more data available that allow us to know the effect of different drugs on calcemia, bone and kidney involvement in patients undergoing them for prolonged periods of time

Síndrome de Cushing producido por un carcinoma neuroendocrino de la ampolla de Vater productor de hormona adrenocorticotropa ectópica / Cushing's syndrome caused by a neuroendocrine carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater with ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion

No disponible

Estudio observacional de infusión subcutánea continua de insulina a lo largo de 7 años en el tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus tipo 1 / An observational 7-year study of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus

En este trabajo se aporta la experiencia adquirida con el tratamiento con bombas de infusión subcutánea continua de insulina (ISCI) en 112 pacientes con diabetes mellitus a lo largo de 7 años, que previamente venían siendo tratados con múltiples dosis de insulina bolo-basal. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo observacional de 112 pacientes con diabetes mellitus, tratados antes con pauta de insulina bolo-basal y luego con ISCI, desde de 2005 a 2012 que recibieron educación diabética individualizada con un protocolo específico. Se estudiaron las siguientes variables: frecuencia porcentual de las distintas indicaciones autorizadas para aplicar este tratamiento; valor medio anual de HbA1c y de fructosamina el año anterior a la instauración del tratamiento con la bomba de insulina y en los 7 años siguientes de seguimiento; frecuencia y sintomatología de las hipoglucemias. RESULTADOS: La causa más común de indicación fue la diabetes inestable (74,1%), seguida de hipoglucemias graves, frecuentes o inadvertidas (44,6%). Otras indicaciones fueron: horarios de ingesta variables o imprevisibles por razones profesionales (20,2%), fenómeno del alba (15,7%), gestación (12,3%), requerimiento de dosis muy bajas de insulina (8,9%) y diabetes gestacional (0,9%). La HbA1c descendió entre 0,6 y 0,9%, en tanto que la fructosamina lo hizo entre 5,1 y 12,2%. El 9% de pacientes presentaron hipoglucemias semanales, el 24% cada 2 semanas y en el 48% fueron mensuales; el 19% no presentó hipoglucemias. Solo el 10% presentó síntomas neuroglucopénicos y en el 21% fueron asintomáticas. Las hipoglucemias fueron más frecuentes al comienzo del tratamiento, disminuyendo rápidamente poco tiempo después. CONCLUSIÓN: La terapia con ISCI proporciona una mejoría del control glucémico en comparación con tratamiento de múltiples inyecciones. Requiere adiestramiento específico del paciente y ajustes de la dosificación de insulina para prevenir las hipoglucemias, que son las complicaciones más frecuentes, sobre todo al comienzo del tratamiento

This work reports the experience with use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) in 112 type 1 diabetic patients followed up for 7 years and previously treated with multiple daily insulin injections (MDII). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective, observational study in 112 patients with diabetes mellitus treated with CSII from 2005 to 2012, previously treated with MDII and receiving individualized diabetic education with a specific protocol. Variables analyzed included: prevalence of the different indications of pump treatment; mean annual HbA1c and fructosamine values before and after CSII treatment; and hypoglycemia frequency and symptoms. RESULTS: The most common reason for pump treatment was brittle diabetes (74.1%), followed by frequent or severe hypoglycemia or hypoglycemia unawareness (44.6%). Other indications were irregular food intake times for professional reasons (20.2%), dawn phenomenon (15.7%), pregnancy (12.3%), requirement of very low insulin doses (8.9%), and gestational diabetes (0.9%). HbA1c decreased by between 0.6% and 0.9%, and fructosamine by between 5.1% and 12.26%. Nine percent of patients experienced hypoglycemia weekly, 24% every two weeks, and 48% monthly. No hypoglycemia occurred in 19% of patients. Only 10% had neuroglycopenic symptoms. Hypoglycemia unawareness was found in 21%. Hypoglycemia was more common at treatment start, and its frequency rapidly decreased thereafter. CONCLUSIÓN: CSII therapy provides a better glycemic control than MDII treatment. Specific patient training and fine adjustment of insulin infusion doses are required to prevent hypoglycemic episodes, which are the most common complications, mainly at the start of treatment

An observational 7-year study of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus.

UNLABELLED: This work reports the experience with use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) in 112 type 1 diabetic patients followed up for 7 years and previously treated with multiple daily insulin injections (MDII). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective, observational study in 112 patients with diabetes mellitus treated with CSII from 2005 to 2012, previously treated with MDII and receiving individualized diabetic education with a specific protocol. Variables analyzed included: prevalence of the different indications of pump treatment; mean annual HbA1c and fructosamine values before and after CSII treatment; and hypoglycemia frequency and symptoms. RESULTS: The most common reason for pump treatment was brittle diabetes (74.1%), followed by frequent or severe hypoglycemia or hypoglycemia unawareness (44.6%). Other indications were irregular food intake times for professional reasons (20.2%), dawn phenomenon (15.7%), pregnancy (12.3%), requirement of very low insulin doses (8.9%), and gestational diabetes (0.9%). HbA1c decreased by between 0.6% and 0.9%, and fructosamine by between 5.1% and 12.26%. Nine percent of patients experienced hypoglycemia weekly, 24% every two weeks, and 48% monthly. No hypoglycemia occurred in 19% of patients. Only 10% had neuroglycopenic symptoms. Hypoglycemia unawareness was found in 21%. Hypoglycemia was more common at treatment start, and its frequency rapidly decreased thereafter. CONCLUSION: CSII therapy provides a better glycemic control than MDII treatment. Specific patient training and fine adjustment of insulin infusion doses are required to prevent hypoglycemic episodes, which are the most common complications, mainly at the start of treatment.