ABSTRACT
Obligate sedentary endoparasitic nematodes, such as the root-knot and cyst nematodes, elicit the differentiation of specialized nematode nurse or feeding cells [nematode feeding sites (NFS), giant cells and syncytia, respectively]. During NFS differentiation, marked changes in cell cycle progression occur, partly similar to those induced by some geminiviruses. In this work, we describe the activation of V-sense promoters from the Maize streak virus (MSV) and Wheat dwarf virus (WDV) in NFS formed by root-knot and cyst nematodes. Both promoters were transiently active in microinjection experiments. In tobacco and Arabidopsis transgenic lines carrying promoter-beta-glucuronidase fusions, the MSV V-sense promoter was activated in the vascular tissues of aerial plant parts, primarily leaf and cotyledon phloem tissue and some floral structures. Interestingly, in roots, promoter activation was restricted to syncytia and giant cells tested with four different nematode populations, but undetectable in the rest of the root system. As the activity of the promoter in transgenic rootstocks should be restricted to NFS only, the MSV promoter may have utility in engineering grafted crops for nematode control. Therefore, this study represents a step in the provision of some of the much needed additional data on promoters with restricted activation in NFS useful in biotechnological nematode control strategies.
Subject(s)
Feeding Behavior/physiology , Geminiviridae/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Viral , Nematoda/physiology , Plant Roots/parasitology , Plant Roots/virology , Promoter Regions, Genetic , Animals , Arabidopsis/cytology , Arabidopsis/genetics , Arabidopsis/parasitology , Arabidopsis/virology , Glucuronidase/metabolism , Immunohistochemistry , Maize streak virus/genetics , Microinjections , Plants, Genetically Modified , Nicotiana/cytology , Nicotiana/genetics , Nicotiana/parasitology , Nicotiana/virologyABSTRACT
La nefrolitiasis se caracteriza por la aparición de cálculos en el aparato urinario superior (parénquima renal, cálices, pelvis o uréter). El cólico nefrítico es la forma de presentación más común y aparece cuando el cálculo se desprende o se rompe, depositándose en el sistema colector del riñón, lo cual aumenta la presión intraluminal y provoca el cuadro doloroso. Cualquiera que ha sufrido un cólico renal aprecia la importancia de un tratamiento precoz y de la aplicación de medidas preventivas, todo lo cual constituye una responsabilidad del médico de atención primaria. Después de un primer episodio de litiasis renal, el 50-60% de los pacientes ha presentado un segundo episodio a los 10 años. El medico de familia es el más apropiado para indicar las recomendaciones para la prevención de las recidivas de litiasis renal y realizar el seguimiento
Nephrolithiasis is characterised by the presence of stones in the upper urinary tract (renal parenchyma, calyces, pelvis or ureter). Nephritic colic is the most common symptom and appears when the stone becomes detached or breaks up and is deposited in the kidney collection system. This increases intraluminal pressure and provokes pain. Anyone who has suffered renal colic will appreciate the importance of early treatment and the taking of preventative measures. This is the responsibility of the primary care doctor. After the fi rst kidney stone attack, 50 60% of patients have a second attack within 10 years. The family doctor is the most suitable person to advice the patient on the prevention of recurrence of kidney stones and to follow up the patient
Subject(s)
Humans , Kidney Calculi/diagnosis , Primary Health Care/methods , Colic/etiology , Kidney Calculi/prevention & control , Kidney Calculi/therapy , Recurrence/prevention & control , Analgesics/therapeutic use , Uric Acid/analysisABSTRACT
Objetivo. Comprobar si los pacientes diagnosticados en Atención Primaria de cólico nefrítico presentan una mayor exposición al consumo de fármacos predisponentes. Diseño. Estudio observacional analítico de casos y controles. Participantes. Una muestra de 43 pacientes diagnosticados de cólico nefrítico (casos) son comparados con 43 controles. Emplazamiento. Consultas de Atención Primaria y Servicio de Urgencias extrahospitalario. Mediciones. En casos y en controles se determinaron las siguientes variables: motivo de consulta, edad, sexo, antecedentes familiares de litiasis, antecedentes personales de cólicos nefríticos o cálculos en el aparato urinario, antecedentes personales de infecciones urinarias, hipercalcemia, hipercalciuria o hiperuricemia y consumo previo de fármacos predisponentes de urolitiasis o de otros fármacos. En los casos se anotaron datos de anamnesis, exploración, tratamiento y conducta seguida con el paciente. Resultados. En los pacientes diagnosticados de cólico nefrítico los síntomas más frecuentes fueron: dolor lumbar (95,3%), dolor abdominal (44,2%), náuseas/vómitos (58,1%) y polaquiuria (46,5%). En cuanto a exploración y pruebas complementarias, presentaba puño percusión positiva el 69,8%, hematuria el 86,0% y fiebre el 4,7%. El consumo de fármacos predisponentes no había sido significativamente superior en los casos respecto a los controles, tanto al considerar el consumo de cada uno de los fármacos individualmente como el consumo de cualquiera de ellos (23,3% en casos versus 32,6% en controles; OR: 0,63; IC 95%: 0,24 - 1,63). El consumo previo de otros fármacos (no predisponentes de urolitiasis) tampoco había sido significativamente superior en los pacientes con cólico nefrítico, siendo el número medio de 1,09 ± 1,54 DE en casos y de 1,14 ± 1,44 DE en controles. Conclusiones. No hemos hallado relación alguna entre la aparición de cólicos nefríticos y el consumo de fármacos descritos como predisponentes. Se trata de una causa poco común de la enfermedad y permanece como incierto el papel que juegan algunos de estos fármacos (AU)
Objective. To determine if patients diagnosed with nephritic colic at Primary Care Centres are more exposed to predisposing drugs. Design. Case-control observational, analytical study. Participants. A sample of 43 patients diagnosed with nephritic colic are compared with 43 controls. Setting. Primary Care Centres and Casualty Departments. Measurements. The following variables were determined in patients and controls: reason for visit, age, gender, family background of lithiasis, personal background of nephritic colic or stones in the urinary tract, urinary infections, hypercalcaemia, hypercalciuria or hyperuricaemia and prior consumption of predisposing drugs for urolithiasis or of other drugs. For the patients, their medical history, examination, treatment and patient follow up were recorded. Results. In patients diagnosed with nephritic colic the most frequent symptoms were: back pain (95.3%), abdominal pain (44.2%), nausea/vomiting (58.1%) and pollakiuria (46.5%). As regards examination and complementary tests, 69.8% of patients had haematuria and 4.7% had fever. The consumption of predisposing drugs was not signifi cantly higher in patients compared to controls, both when considering each drug separately and when considering the consumption of any one of them (23.3% in patients vs 32.6% in controls; OR: 0.63; CI 95%: 0.24 - 1.63). Prior consumption of other drugs (not predisposing for urolithiasis) was not signifi cantly higher in patients with nephritic colic, the mean number of drugs being 1.09 ± 1.54 SD in patients and 1,14 ± 1.44 SD in controls. Conclusions. We did not fi nd any relation between the occurrence of nephritic colic and consumption of drugs described as predisposing. This is an uncommon cause of the disease and the role some of these drugs play remains uncertain (AU)
Subject(s)
Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Humans , Colic/etiology , Urinary Calculi/chemically induced , Family Practice/statistics & numerical data , Urinary Calculi/diagnosis , Causality , Urinary Calculi/epidemiology , Case-Control Studies , Aspirin/adverse effects , Diuretics/adverse effects , Antacids/adverse effects , Acetazolamide/adverse effects , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/adverse effects , Theophylline/adverse effects , Allopurinol/adverse effects , Ascorbic Acid/adverse effectsABSTRACT
El objetivo de esta revisión es reconocer los distintos tipos de temblor, así como proporcionarlas herramientas adecuadas para una exploración rápida, completa y efi ciente dentrodel ámbito de la Atención Primaria.Es asimismo una revisión actualizada, según el nivel de evidencia, de los fármacos usadosen el tratamiento del temblor
The objective of this revision is to recognize the different kinds of tremor and to provide theadapted tools for a quick, complete and effi cient exploration within the scope of the PrimaryCare.It is also an updated revision according to the drugs used in the treatment of the tremor (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Parkinson Disease/diagnosis , Tremor/diagnosis , Tremor/drug therapy , Primary Health Care/methods , Medical History Taking/methods , Dopamine Agonists/therapeutic use , Essential Tremor/diagnosis , Tremor/classificationABSTRACT
In this work we demonstrate that wheat dwarf virus (WDV) RepA can activate WDV and maize streak virus (MSV) virion (V)-sense expression in plant tissues. Rep alone does not have any effect on the silent WDV promoter and it represses the basal MSV promoter activity. MSV promoter activation by RepA depends on an intact RepA retinoblastoma protein (RB)-binding domain. Promoter repression by Rep also depends on this domain to some extent. Mutation of the RepA RB-binding domain has no effect on WDV promoter activation. The WDV promoter contains two sites that fit the consensus E2F-binding site. One, WDV1, binds human E2F-1 in one-hybrid assays in yeast. It also binds specifically to maize and wheat proteins in vitro and, when fused to a minimal 35S promoter, it confers responsiveness to RepA only when the RepA RB-binding domain and the WDV1 site are intact. In the whole WDV V-sense promoter context, mutations of this sequence have no effect, suggesting that additional sequences are important for RepA-mediated promoter activation.
