Social environment shapes female settlement decisions in a solitary carnivore.

How and where a female selects an area to settle and breed is of central importance in dispersal and population ecology as it governs range expansion and gene flow. Social structure and organization have been shown to influence settlement decisions, but its importance in the settlement of large, solitary mammals is largely unknown. We investigate how the identity of overlapping conspecifics on the landscape, acquired during the maternal care period, influences the selection of settlement home ranges in a non-territorial, solitary mammal using location data of 56 female brown bears (Ursus arctos). We used a resource selection function to determine whether females' settlement behavior was influenced by the presence of their mother, related females, familiar females, and female population density. Hunting may remove mothers and result in socio-spatial changes before settlement. We compared overlap between settling females and their mother's concurrent or most recent home ranges to examine the settling female's response to the absence or presence of her mother on the landscape. We found that females selected settlement home ranges that overlapped their mother's home range, familiar females, that is, those they had previously overlapped with, and areas with higher density than their natal ranges. However, they did not select areas overlapping related females. We also found that when mothers were removed from the landscape, female offspring selected settlement home ranges with greater overlap of their mother's range, compared with mothers who were alive. Our results suggest that females are acquiring and using information about their social environment when making settlement decisions.

[Resistant arterial hypertension and a prominent sternum in a 77-year-old woman]. / Therapierefraktäre arterielle Hypertonie und prominentes Sternum bei einer 77-jährigen Patientin.

The case of a 77-year-old woman who was admitted with resistant arterial hypertension is reported. In view of a history of pheochromocytoma 2 years ago, catecholamine levels were examined and found to be elevated; in addition, MIBG scintigraphy showed a positive area in the anterior mediastinum. Computer tomography showed a tumor in the sternum. Histology confirmed metastasis from the pheochromocytoma, and the corpus was removed surgically. Currently, the patient is without any evidence of relapse.

Angiography and cerebral perfusion scintigraphy in balloon test occlusion of carotid artery in head and neck tumors.

PURPOSE: Surgery of head and neck tumors and other tumors involving the carotid artery may demand complete sacrifice of the carotid as part of the necessary tumor therapy. Sacrifice of the carotid may result in permanent brain perfusion damage. This uncorrectable procedure has to be tested beforehand in order to exclude this possibility. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In order to predict this possible unstable hemodynamic brain perfusion damage, we evaluated 12 patients with head neck tumors prior to possible sacrifice of the carotid. The following tests were applied: angiography of the neck vessels, balloon test occlusion (BTO) of the carotid lasting 10 minutes combined with perfusion reserve testing using 1000 mg acetazolamide i. v. All patients received brain perfusion scintigraphy SPECT with Tc-99 m HMPAO injected during BTO. RESULTS: All patient data were evaluated for clinical neurological defects under BTO. Perfusion of the great vessels was evaluated semiquantitatively for angiography (filling delay of the ophthalmic artery) and perfusion SPECT. None of the patients suffered from neurological defects. 9 /12 patients showed mild to severe perfusion defects. 9 /12 patients showed filling delays of more than 1 second. Both tests showed a very good correlation (p = 0.005). Only 2 /12 cases were discrepant in one degree. All severe defects were congruent in both tests. CONCLUSION: None of the patients with severe defects underwent sacrifice of the carotid. Both tests resulted in increased security regarding the prediction of possible brain perfusion damage. The combination of angiography and brain scintigraphy is logistically easy and has a high value of prediction.

Three-year follow-up of a patient with early-onset Alzheimer's disease with presenilin-2 N141I mutation - case report and review of the literature.

Autosomal dominant early-onset Alzheimer disease (EOAD) is a heterogeneous condition that has been associated with mutations in 3 different genes: the amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PSEN1), and presenilin 2 (PSEN2) genes. Most cases are due to mutations in the PSEN1 gene, whereas mutations in the APP and PSEN2 genes are rare. Mutation analysis of the APP, PSEN1 and PSEN2 genes was performed. We herein report the case of a German EOAD patient with a family history of dementia and a missense mutation at codon 141 (N141I) of the PSEN2 gene. To our knowledge, this is the first German EOAD patient without a Volga-German ancestry and a positive family history for dementia carries the mutation PSEN-2 N141I. The patient came to our clinic for the first time when she was 47 years old. During the following 3 years, her Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score dropped from 28 to 0. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) was an early symptom that was already present during the first consultation. The concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of tau-protein (1151 pg/ml) was increased, whereas the concentration of beta-amyloid protein (Abeta1-42) was decreased (335 pg/ml). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed only slight changes in the early stage of the disease and positron emission tomography with (18F) fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18F-FDG PET) demonstrated glucose reduction left parietal and in the precuneus region. Follow-up MRI and 18F-FDG PET studies showed progression of atrophy of the left entorhinal cortex with relative sparing of the hippocampus and progressive hypometabolism of both temporoparietal lobes and left frontal lobe.

[Familial Alzheimer's disease with presenilin 2 N141I mutation. A case report]. / Familiäre Alzheimer-Demenz mit Präsenilin 2 N141I Mutation. Eine klinische Falldarstellung

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Approximately 0.5 per cent of all AD is caused by single major gene mutations and autosomal dominant inheritance. These familial types with early-onset (EOFAD) usually display dementia before the age of 60. Such mutations have been found in the gene encoding amyloid precursor protein (APP), and in the genes encoding presenilin 1 (PSEN1) or presenilin 2 (PSEN2). We herein report the case of a German patient with a EOFAD and a missense mutation at codon 141 (N141I) of the PSEN2 gene. The patient came to our psychiatric clinic for the first time when she was 49 years old. During the following 3 years, her Mini-Mental-State-Examination (MMSE) score dropped from 14 to 0 points. Positron emission tomography with [18F] Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG PET) demonstrated glucose reduction left parietal and in the pre-cuneus region. Follow-up 18F-FDG PET studies showed progressive hypometabolism of both temporoparietal lobes and left frontal lobe.

3-[123I]Iodo-alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine uptake in cerebral gliomas: relationship to histological grading and prognosis.

3-[123I]Iodo-alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine (IMT) is employed clinically as a tracer of amino acid transport in brain tumours using single-photon emission tomography (SPET). This study investigates the role of IMT SPET in the non-invasive histological grading and prognostic evaluation of cerebral gliomas. The files of patients investigated by IMT SPET in our clinic between 1988 and 1996 were evaluated retrospectively. Complete follow-up was available for 58 patients with cerebral gliomas investigated by IMT SPET shortly after tumour diagnosis. Seventeen patients had low-grade gliomas (WHO grade II), 14 had anaplastic gliomas (WHO grade III) and 27 had glioblastomas (WHO grade IV). Thirty-six cases were primary tumours and 22 cases, recurrences. Maximal and mean tumour-to-brain (T/B) ratios of IMT uptake at the first IMT SPET investigation were related to histological grading and survival time. Patients with low-grade gliomas showed significantly longer survival than patients with high-grade (grade III or IV) tumours. Gliomas without contrast enhancement on computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging scans were associated with longer patient survival than tumours with contrast enhancement. The T/B ratios of IMT SPET showed no differences in relation to histological grading [WHO grade II: 1.73+/-0.59; WHO grade III: 1.74+/-0.38; WHO grade IV: 1.59+/-0.35, (mean+/-SD, T/B ratios of mean tumour uptake)]. The median survival time of patients with a high T/B ratio on IMT SPET was not significantly different from that of patients with a low T/B ratio (T/B ratio <1.6, 14.8 months; T/B ratio > or =1.6, 13.0 months). Thus, no evidence could be found for a relationship between IMT uptake in cerebral gliomas and either histological grading or survival time. Nevertheless, IMT SPET constitutes a useful method for the detection of primary and recurrent gliomas, determination of tumour extent and individual follow-up.

Positron emission tomography (PET) for staging and evaluation of response to treatment in patients with Hodgkin's disease.

Forty two examinations utilizing F-18 FDG-PET were performed in 23 patients with Hodgkin's disease to study for involved lymphoma regions and compared to conventional staging procedures. Twenty stagings were performed at diagnosis of untreated Hodgkin's disease or at first relapse, and 22 restagings during and after chemoradiotherapy. At diagnosis in 5 of 20 patients PET and other procedures revealed different extranodal manifestations and in 3 patients established different clinical staging. PET seemed to be accurate in the assessment of lymphoma involvement in nodal sites. During follow up, in 10 out of 22 investigations different results and discrepancy were recorded, mostly due to the different extent of F-18-FDG metabolism in residual masses in lymphatic tissues compared to CT, X-ray or ultrasonography. The results indicate that PET may have advantages in the assessment of remissions in nodal sites. Less conclusive results were observed with regard to extranodal involvement or inflammatory disease. In conclusion PET may be sufficient for the staging of the majority of patients with Hodgkin's disease and particularly for assessing remission status in nodal sites, but PET may have disadvantages in the evaluation of extranodal lymphoma and inflammatory disease.

Multimodal imaging of residual function and compensatory resource allocation in cortical atrophy: a case study of parietal lobe function in a patient with Huntington's disease.

In a case of Huntington's disease (HD) with dementia and pronounced parieto-frontal atrophy, the functional state of the affected regions was investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET). It was observed that although parietal areas showed extensive atrophy and reduced resting glucose metabolism, the patient performed with similar accuracy but with longer response time in a visuospatial task compared with healthy control subjects. At the same time, the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI signal in these areas, which are involved in visuospatial processing, showed a similar task-dependent modulation as in control subjects. The signal amplitude (signal percent change) of the task-dependent activation was even higher for the HD patient than in the control group. This residual functionality of parietal areas involved in visuospatial processing could account for the patient's performance in the task concerned, which contrasted with his poor performance in other cognitive tasks. The increased percent-signal change suggests that a higher neuronal effort was necessary to reach a similar degree of accuracy as in control subjects, fitting well with the longer reaction time. We propose that fMRI should be considered as a tool for the assessment of functionality of morphologically abnormal cortex and for the investigation of compensatory resource allocation in neurodegenerative disorders.

Metabolic (PET) and receptor (SPET) imaging of well- and less well-differentiated tumours: comparison with the expression of the Ki-67 antigen.

[111In-DTPA-D-Phe1]-pentetreotide has been shown to localize well-differentiated and slowly growing neuroendocrine tumours, whereas increased FDG uptake is associated with malignancy. This prospective study explores the role of metabolic (PET) and receptor (SPET) imaging in well- and less well-differentiated tumours--gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) tumours, medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTC) and thymic carcinomas--in comparison with the expression of the Ki-67 antigen. Ten patients with GEP tumours, five with MTC and five with thymic carcinomas were studied. Prior to PET, somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS) was performed in all patients. Sixty minutes after the intravenous administration of 18F-FDG (370 MBq), whole-body PET was performed. In addition, the resected tissues were prepared for immunocytochemistry examination (cell cycle-associated Ki-67 antigen). Preoperative SRS detected multiple primary tumours and metastatic lesions in four patients with well-differentiated carcinoids (low Ki-67 expression). Whole-body PET demonstrated normal distribution of FDG in all of these patients. In patients with recurrent MTC and rapidly increasing CEA levels, SRS showed no in vivo somatostatin receptor expression, whereas whole-body PET localized 24 locoregional lymph node metastases with increased FDG uptake. Immunocytochemistry of the resected lymph nodes demonstrated high Ki-67 expression associated with a high proliferative activity. Similar results in receptor scintigraphic and metabolic behaviour were obtained from patients with metastasizing thymic carcinomas (high Ki-67 expression). In conclusion, SRS has been shown to localize well-differentiated GEP tumours. In contrast, FDG PET is only valuable for predicting malignancy in less well-differentiated GEP tumours and malignant MTC associated with rapidly increasing CEA levels. Therefore, an additional 18F-FDG PET procedure should only be performed if SRS is negative. Furthermore, our preliminary results suggest that increased FDG metabolism reflects the invasiveness of thymic carcinomas.

Multimodal imaging of residual function and compensatory resource allocation in cortical atrophy: a case study of parietal lobe function in a patient with Huntington's disease.

In a case of Huntington's disease (HD) with dementia and pronounced parieto-frontal atrophy, the functional state of the affected regions was investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET). It was observed that although parietal areas showed extensive atrophy and reduced resting glucose metabolism, the patient performed with similar accuracy but with longer response time in a visuospatial task compared with healthy control subjects. At the same time, the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI signal in these areas, which are involved in visuospatial processing, showed a similar task-dependent modulation as in control subjects. The signal amplitude (signal percent change) of the task-dependent activation was even higher for the HD patient than in the control group. This residual functionality of parietal areas involved in visuospatial processing could account for the patient's performance in the task concerned, which contrasted with his poor performance in other cognitive tasks. The increased percent-signal change suggests that a higher neuronal effort was necessary to reach a similar degree of accuracy as in control subjects, fitting well with the longer reaction time. We propose that fMRI should be considered as a tool for the assessment of functionality of morphologically abnormal cortex and for the investigation of compensatory resource allocation in neurodegenerative disorders.

Screening for colorectal neoplasms with a new immunological human faecal haemoglobin and albumin test.

In Germany, screening for colorectal cancer shows low efficiency, which is partly due to demographic changes with a rising mean age of the population, a low participation rate and an unsatisfactory sensitivity of guaiac tests for detecting faecal occult-blood. Therefore, a pilot screening study with a new immunological faecal haemoglobin and albumin test was performed in Ostringen, Germany to assess its compliance, performance characteristics and cost-effectiveness. Two thousand, seven hundred and eighty-five persons (1,498 women and 1,287 men) collected 1 ml samples from two different sites of one stool. The upper limit of normal was 10 micrograms/g stool for haemoglobin and 100 micrograms/g stool for albumin. The compliance was 82%; 224 persons (8%) had a positive test result. Of these, 184 underwent full colonoscopy. We detected 14 colorectal cancers, 10 of which were Dukes' stage A carcinomas removed by endoscopic polypectomy, 34 large adenomas and 43 small adenomas. The detection rate for colorectal neoplasms was above the rate described for other immunological haemoglobin tests and for Haemoccult tests. The specificity of the test--defined with false-positive results if a normal colon mucosa and no other reasons for upper or lower gastrointestinal bleeding were found--was 99.5%. The cost-effectiveness was assessed by comparing the diagnostic costs with the savings resulting from prevention of colorectal carcinomas by endoscopic polypectomy of malignant polyps (Dukes' stage A). The savings in our screening study exceeded the diagnostic costs by approximately 2.3 times. The combined immunological faecal haemoglobin and albumin test should substitute the Haemoccult test in colorectal cancer screening because of its higher sensitivity and specificity combined with cost-effectiveness and good patient compliance.

Comparison of metabolic and receptor imaging in recurrent medullary thyroid carcinoma with histopathological findings.

Early diagnosis of metastases of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) provides the optimal condition for curative outcome. The aim of this study was to appraise the detection of metastases in patients with recurrent MTC using [111In-DTPA-d-Phe1]-pentetreotide and pentavalent technetium-99m dimercaptosuccinic acid [99mTc(V)-DMSA] in comparison with histopathological findings. Eighteen MTC patients with persistently elevated tumour marker (calcitonin, carcinoembryonic antigen) levels underwent somatostatin receptor scintigraphy using [111In-DTPA-d-Phe1]-pentetreotide (222 MBq) with early (4 h after injection) and delayed (24 h) whole-body scans and single-photon emission tomography (SPET) imaging. Metabolic whole-body and SPET imaging using 500 MBq 99mTc(V)-DMSA was performed 4 h after injection. Metabolic and receptor imaging revealed 51 sites of focal accumulation in the 18 patients investigated. Comparison with histological findings revealed that metabolic and receptor imaging had a sensitivity of 84% for the diagnosis of MTC. Using [111In-DTPA-d-Phe1]-pentetreotide, SPET discovered four lymph node metastases in two patients in whom planar views had previously identified only one lymph node metastasis, and provided no new information in the other 16 patients. In comparison, SPET studies [using 99mTc(V)-DMSA] additionally localized eight lymph node metastases in four patients and confirmed the diagnosis of hepatic metastases (n=5) in another patient in whom conventional imaging modalities and planar views had previously detected only three liver metastases. Overall, lesion detection sensitivities for 99mTc(V)-DMSA and [111In-DTPA-D-Phe1]-pentetreotide were 69% and 29%, respectively. Five surgically removed foci were adjudged false-positive with respect to MTC metastases. False-positve results were caused by lymphadenitis, an enchondroma and a pheochromocytoma (histologically proven). The smallest lesion identified by metabolic imaging was a 6 mm in diameter lymph node metastasis located in the upper mediastinum. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy only demonstrated tumour sizes more than 1 cm in diameter. These preliminary results suggest that the combination of metabolic [99mTc(V)-DMSA] and receptor ([111In-DTPA-D-Phe1]-pentetreotide) imaging is more sensitive for tumour localization in patients with recurrent MTC than the use of only one radiopharmaceutical. However, neither 99mTc(V)-DMSA nor [111In-DTPA-D-Phe1]-pentetreotide is specific for MTC and false-positive scintigraphic findings have to be considered. Furthermore, somatostatin receptor scintigraphy cannot visualize small tumour sites (<1 cm). Further studies are needed to evaluate the role of combined metabolic and receptor imaging in the management of patients with recurrent MTC.

Validity of new immunological human fecal hemoglobin and albumin tests in detecting colorectal neoplasms--an endoscopy-controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Screening for occult blood by means of guaiac tests has an unsatisfactory sensitivity for the detection of colorectal neoplasms. To increase sensitivity and specificity the immunological determination of human hemoglobin and albumin in feces has been developed. The validity of analyzing only two samples from one bowel movement of either test is not known. METHODS: An immunological determination of human fecal hemoglobin and albumin using luminescence immunoassays (LIA) was performed in 739 patients with gastrointestinal complaints before scheduled colonoscopy. Each patient collected two 1 ml samples from one stool. There were no dietary restrictions. RESULTS: The sensitivity for detecting colorectal carcinomas was 95.3% (95% confidence interval 84.2-99.4%) with hemoglobin and 67.4% (95% confidence interval 51.2-80.9%) with albumin. The sensitivity for detecting large adenomatous polyps was 62.9% (95% confidence interval 50.5-74.1%) with hemoglobin and 32.9% (95% confidence interval 22.1-45.1%) with albumin. The specificity was 97% for hemoglobin, 96% for albumin and 94% for the combined test. CONCLUSIONS: The immunological determination of fecal hemoglobin is superior to albumin and has a better sensitivity for the detection of colorectal neoplasms than that reported for guaiac tests, even if two samples from one bowel movement are examined. The immunological determination of fecal hemoglobin should therefore be evaluated for use in colorectal cancer screening.

Intraoperative gamma probe detection of neuroendocrine tumors.

UNLABELLED: Previous studies of the intraoperative use of a handheld gamma probe to localize metastases and primary tumors of colorectal cancer have shown improved assessment of tumor spread and changes in surgical management based on added information gained by radioimmunoguided surgery. We conducted a prospective study to determine whether intraoperative radiodetection is able to reveal microscopic and occult disease of neuroendocrine tumors [medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTCs), gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) tumors]. METHODS: After the injection of 180 MBq [111In-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-D-Phe1]pentetreotide and/or 500 MBq 99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) (both for double-nuclide scintigraphy), preoperative somatostatin receptor imaging (12 patients with GEP tumors) and double-nuclide scintigraphy (10 patients with relapsing MTCs were performed. The results were combined with the information obtained from conventional imaging modalities (CT and sonography). Intraoperative radiodetection was performed 24 hr after administration of [111In-DTPA-D-Phe1]pentetreotide or 4 hr after the injection of 99mTc-DMSA using a handheld gamma probe. RESULTS: Intraoperative gamma counting localized 70 somatostatin receptor-positive lesions of GEP tumors, whereas preoperative receptor imaging visualized 74%, surgical palpation visualized 44% and radiological imaging modalities localized only 43%. In 10 patients with recurrent MTCs, the surgeon was successful in localizing and removing 30 tumor lesions using the gamma probe. Twenty-seven of 30 lesions demonstrated tumor involvement, whereas 3 lesions were false-positive (lymphadenitis). Double-nuclide scintigraphy revealed 67% (Octreoscan, 7 of 20; 99mTc-DMSA, 13 of 20), surgical palpation revealed 60% and conventional imaging methods (CT, sonography) revealed only 50% of all lesions detected intraoperatively by the handheld gamma probe. The smallest lesion identified by the handheld probe (not palpated by the surgeon) was a lymph node metastasis (5-mm diameter). CONCLUSION: The preliminary data show that intraoperative handheld gamma probe detection of microscopic and occult endocrine tumors is feasible and more sensitive than external scintigraphy and conventional imaging.

[Combined arthroscopic and radiation synovectomy in rheumatoid arthritis]. / Synovektomie und Synoviorthese als Kombinationstherapie bei rheumatoider Arthritis.

In rheumatoid arthritis of the knee joint good results are obtained using arthroscopic synovectomy or radiation synovectomy. Aim of our study was to investigate, whether the combination of these two minimal invasive interventions achieves better results. First we performed arthroscopic synovectomy of the knee joint followed by radiation synovectomy with application of 111-222 MBq Yttrium-90 6 weeks later. In a prospective randomised clinical trial between 1987 and 1991 we performed radiation synovectomy on 22 knee joints and combined arthroscopic and radiation synovectomy on 26 knee joints. We explored the patients preoperatively, 6 weeks and 6 months postoperatively. In 1996 we evaluated 141 knee joints in a retrospective clinical trial. 90 Knee joints had been treated with the combined therapy, 39 only with radiation synovectomy and 12 only with arthroscopic synovectomy. Depending on the three different therapeutic interventions, the patients were classified into midterm (3-5 years) and long-term (6-8 years) observation groups. The trials are based on the standardized ARO-Questionnaire of the knee joint, the modified ARO Knee-Score and the radiological grading according to Larsen, Dale and Eek. In the prospective clinical trial we found significant better results for patients treated with the combined therapy than for patients treated with radiation synovectomy only regarding the parameter swelling, effusion, range of motion, pain and Knee-Score. In the long-term results of the retrospective clinical trial the patients treated with the combined therapy showed a significant better outcome for the parameters pain, swelling and Knee-Score, than the patients treated with radiation synovectomy. Although no statistically significant difference was found comparing the results of the combined therapy with arthroscopic synovectomy, an improvement of the clinical outcome can be observed performing arthroscopic synovectomy followed by radiation synovectomy. In the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis of the knee joint a better outcome is achieved performing combined arthroscopic and radiation synovectomy than performing only one of the methods.

Follow-up in carriers of the 'MELAS' mutation without strokes.

Eight carriers of the A3243G mutation of mitochondrial DNA without stroke-like episodes were monitored for up to 7 years in clinical and metabolic studies, by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET). None developed mitochondrial encephalopathy (MELAS), but 2 developed diabetes mellitus, 1 terminal kidney failure and 2 cardiomyopathy. One patient improved markedly under ubiquinone. Electroencephalography showed progressive slowing in 2 cases, but electrophysiological tests and MRI were otherwise noncontributary. PET showed widespread cortical and basal ganglion metabolic deficits in 6 cases. We conclude that internal medical complications are more common than MELAS in adult carriers of the mutation. PET findings, firstly reported in such patients, suggest that chronic subclinical encephalopathy is very frequent, and PET may play a role in monitoring in the future.

Combined arthroscopic and radiation synovectomy in rheumatoid arthritis.

In rheumatoid arthritis of the knee joint good results are obtained using arthroscopic synovectomy or radiation synovectomy. Aim of our study was to investigate, wether the combination of these two minimal invasive interventions achieves better results. First we performed arthroscopic synovectomy of the knee joint followed by radiation synovectomy with application of 111-222 MBq Yttrium-90 6 weeks later. In a prospective randomised clinical trial between 1987 and 1991 we performed radiation synovectomy on 22 knee joints and combined arthroscopic and radiation synovectomy on 26 knee joints. We explored the patients preoperatively, 6 weeks and 6 months postoperatively. In 1996 we evaluated 141 knee joints in a retrospective clinical trial. 90 Knee joints had been treated with the combined therapy, 39 only with radiation synovectomy and 12 only with arthroscopic synovectomy. Depending on the three different therapeutic interventions, the patients were classified into mid-term (3-5 years) and long-term (6-8 years) observation groups. The trials are based on the standardized ARO-Questionnaire of the knee joint, the modified ARO Knee-Score and the radiological grading according to Larsen, Dale and Eek. In the prospective clinical trial we found significant better results for patients treated with the combined therapy than for patients treated with radiation synovectomy only regarding the parameter swelling, effusion, range of motion, pain and Knee-Score. In the long-term results of the retrospective clinical trial the patients treated with the combined therapy showed a significant better outcome for the parameters pain, swelling and Knee-Score, than the patients treated with radiation synovectomy. Although no statistically significant difference was found comparing the results of the combined therapy with arthroscopic synovectomy, an improvement of the clinical outcome can be observed performing arthroscopic synovectomy followed by radiation synovectomy. In the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis of the knee joint a better outcome is achieved performing combined arthroscopic and radiation synovectomy than performing only one of the methods.

Combined hyperinsulinaemic glucose clamp and oral acipimox for optimizing metabolic conditions during 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose gated PET cardiac imaging: comparative results.

To obtain optimal image quality in myocardial viability studies, it is recommended that 18F-fluordeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) studies be performed with hyperinsulinaemic glucose clamping. 18F-FDG imaging after oral administration of acipimox, a nicotinic acid derivative, results in comparable image quality to clamping. Twenty consecutive patients (7 with diabetes mellitus) with angiographically confirmed coronary artery disease and similar demographic/clinical profiles were randomly allocated to gated cardiac 18F-FDG-PET with a standard euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp protocol or using a combination of oral administration of acipimox and the insulin clamp technique. The image quality, expressed as the myocardial-to-blood pool activity ratio, was superior in the combined protocol compared with the insulin clamping technique alone (3.37 +/- 1.46 vs 2.27 +/- 0.62, P = 0.037). Although there were no significant differences in plasma insulin and free fatty acids concentrations between the two protocols, plasma glucose concentrations obtained with the standard protocol were elevated compared with the combined protocol (11.1 +/- 3.7 vs 6.3 +/- 3.0 mM during clamping; 10.2 +/- 3.3 vs 5.5 +/- 3.0 mM during acquisition). We conclude that gated 18F-FDG-PET imaging after oral administration of acipimox plus insulin clamping yields image quality superior to that obtained with clamping alone.