REDESIGNING JUVENILE PROBATION TO ALIGN WITH BEHAVIORAL HEALTH AND POSITIVE DEVELOPMENT PRINCIPLEs: A Quasi-Experimental study.

Science advisory boards and policy organizations have called for adolescent brain science to be incorporated into juvenile probation operations. To achieve this, Opportunity-Based Probation (OBP), a probation model that integrates knowledge of adolescent development and behavior change principles, was developed in collaboration with a local juvenile probation department. The current study compares outcomes (recidivism and probation violations) for youth in the OBP condition versus probation as usual. Inverse probability weighting (IPW) and coarsened exact matching (CEM) were used to estimate causal effects of OBP's average treatment effect (ATE). Results indicated clear effects of OBP on reducing criminal legal referrals, but no significant effects were observed for probation violations. Overall, results provide promising recidivism-reduction effects in support of developmentally grounded redesigns of juvenile probation.

Supportive relationships in childhood: Does it have a long Reach into health and depression outcomes for immigrants from Latin America?

This study examines how social support during childhood and adolescence is associated with self-rated good health and the incidence of depression among Latin American immigrants in the U.S. We focus on those who immigrated under age 18 (childhood arrivals) to understand the interplay between early social support and adult health outcomes. Data are from the 2012-2013 iteration of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC-III), which included a sample of 3441 immigrant respondents born in Latin America. Multivariable binomial logistic regression analyses indicated that childhood and interpersonal support in adulthood were negatively associated with lifetime major depressive disorder (LMDD) episodes. These associations differed between childhood arrival and adult arrival immigration samples. Findings from this study highlight the role that social support in critical developmental periods has on immigrant health and depression outcomes. Continued and more nuanced investigations are warranted to examine social resources across lifespans and their roles in mitigating adverse health outcomes among immigrants from Latin America.

COVID-19 Related Job Outcomes for Nurses of Color in the United States.

The purpose of this study was to examine factors associated with negative job outcomes for nurses during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, with a focus on nurses of color. The study used data from 3,782 nurses in the Current Population Survey to examine the relationship between nurse characteristics and COVID-19-related inability to work or look for work during May through December 2020. The analysis showed that race and gender did not significantly impact nurses' job outcomes. The odds of a negative impact were increased by age (1.5% per year, p < .05), having a child in the home (43%, p < .01), having no spouse present (36%, p < .01), and working in an outpatient role (48%, p < .001). While race alone was not linked to negative outcomes, nurses of color had higher rates of other factors that were associated with negative outcomes, indicating a need for a more nuanced examination of their work and life contexts and job outcomes throughout the pandemic.

Job satisfaction and job security as moderators in the relationships among job demands, musculoskeletal symptoms, and work performance.

PURPOSE: This study examined whether job satisfaction and job security moderate the path from physical demands and job strain to impaired work performance via musculoskeletal symptoms in the upper extremities (MSUE). Moderation effects on five paths were examined: (1) from job strain to MSUE; (2) from job strain to work performance; (3) from physical demands to MSUE; (4) from physical demands to work performance; (5) from MSUE to work performance. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of 669 full-time workers from 9 manufacturing and 3 healthcare facilities. Data were collected via health interviews, on-site physical exposure assessments, and computation of the Strain Index by ergonomists, and self-administered questionnaires on psychosocial factors. Structural equation modeling and zero-inflated negative binomial regression analysis were performed to examine the moderation effect on each path. RESULTS: Job satisfaction moderated the relationship between MSUE and impaired work performance (B = - 0.09, 95% CI: - 0.15, - 0.04) and job security moderated the relationship between physical demands and MSUE (B = - 0.64, 95% CI: - 1.17, - 0.11). Interaction between job satisfaction and MSUE was significant on both the occurrence (OR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.87, 0.97) and the degrees of impaired work performance (mean ratio: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.97, 0.99), while the interaction between job security and physical demands was significant only on the degrees of MSUE (mean ratio: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.89, 0.99). CONCLUSION: Job satisfaction and job security can, respectively, mitigate the adverse impacts of working with MSUE and physical demands on work performance. Workplace interventions to improve workers' job satisfaction and job security can contribute to their musculoskeletal health and work performance.

Interaction between physical demands and job strain on musculoskeletal symptoms and work performance.

This study investigated the interaction between physical demands and job strain on musculoskeletal symptoms in upper extremities (MSUE) and work performance. Two years of prospective data were analysed from 713 full-time workers from twelve manufacturing and healthcare facilities in Washington in the United States. Physical exposure was measured by the Strain Index and Threshold Limit Value for hand activity, giving rise to safe, action, and hazardous physical demand groups. Job strain was calculated as the ratio of psychological job demands to job control. Multilevel modelling analysis showed that job strain affected MSUE and limited work performance less in the high physical demand group than the safe group because the protective effect of job control was smaller in these groups. Findings may suggest that high physical demand jobs are structured such that workers have low job control or high physical demand groups experience job strain not adequately captured by psychosocial variables.Practitioner Summary: The effects of job strain and job control on musculoskeletal symptoms in upper extremities and work performance were smaller among workers with higher physical demands. This could imply that high physical demand jobs limit job control or psychosocial variables may not adequately capture job strain among high physical demand groups.

Advancing health equity: Organizational characteristics emphasized by health department nurse lead executives.

OBJECTIVE: To compare nurse and non-nurse lead executives' relationship with organizational characteristics supporting performance and health equity in local health departments (LHD). DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional quantitative study. SAMPLE: The final national sample consisted of 1447 LHDs using the 2019 Profile of Local Health Departments survey. MEASUREMENTS: We used multivariable logistic and negative binomial regression analyses to explore the relationship between nurse versus non-nurse LHD lead executives and involvement in ten organizational characteristics including community health assessment (CHA) and community health improvement plan (CHIP) completion and policy activities related to the social determinants of health (SDOH). RESULTS: Multivariable logistic regression models showed that, for nurse lead executives, the odds of having completed a CHA is 1.49 times, and the odds of having completed a CHIP is 1.56 times, that of non-nurse lead executives. Negative binomial regression models predicted nurse lead executives, compared to non-nurses, to perform 1.18 times more SDOH-related policy activities. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that nurse lead executives are more likely than non-nurses to emphasize assessment in their work and engage in upstream-focused policy activities. As such, they are important partners in work to facilitate health equity.

"Not everybody approaches it that way": Nurse-trained health department directors' leadership strategies and skills in public health.

Evidence points to nurses as possessing particular skills which are important for public health leadership; in particular, investigators have found that a nurse public health director is strongly associated with positive health department performance. To better understand this association and to guide the effective deployment of nurse leaders, researchers sought to explore the specific leadership strategies used by nurse public health directors, using a critical thematic analysis approach to examine these leadership strategies in the context of certain ideologies, power differentials, and social hierarchies. Data were collected via semistructured interviews conducted from July to September 2020 with 13 nurse public health directors from across the United States. Major themes illustrate a distinct picture of the nursing approach to public health leadership: (a) approaching their work with an other-focused lens, (b) applying theoretical knowledge, (c) navigating the political side of their role, and (d) leveraging their nursing identity. Findings articulate the nurse public health director's distinctive combination of skills which reflect the interprofessional nature of public health nursing practice. Such skills demonstrate a specialized approach that may set nurse leaders apart from other types of leaders in carrying out significant public health work.

Mediterranean Diet and Fatigue among Community-Dwelling Postmenopausal Women.

We investigated cross-sectional relationships between the Mediterranean diet and overall fatigue, energy, and weariness scores among 4,563 women aged 65+ from the Women's Health Initiative study. We also used the Isocaloric Substitution approach to explore whether the substitution of fish for red and processed meat, whole for non-whole grains, and whole fruit for fruit juice relate to RAND-36 measured overall fatigue and its subdomains. The alternate Mediterranean Diet (aMED) Index quintiles (Q1-Q5) and selected Mediterranean foods available on a Food Frequency Questionnaire were exposure measures. Results showed aMED Q5 was associated with 2.99 (95% CI: 0.88, 5.11), 4.01 (95% CI: 1.51, 6.53), and 2.47 (95% CI: 0.24, 4.70) point improvements in fatigue, energy, and weariness scores, respectively, compared with aMED Q1. Substituting fish for red and processed meat and whole for non-whole grains was associated with more favorable fatigue scores, whereas substituting whole fruit for juice was not.

Fatigue in community-dwelling older adults: A review of definitions, measures, and related factors.

Fatigue is a common age-related symptom among community-dwelling adults aged 65 years and older. Yet, a systematic approach has rarely been applied to review definitions, measures, related factors, and consequences of fatigue in this population. A scoping review was conducted in December 2020 to fill the gap, and 36 articles met the inclusion criteria. Definitions, albeit diverse, included at least one of the following attributes: an early indicator of disablement, subjective, a lack of energy, multidimensional, impaired daily activities, and temporal. A summary of fatigue measures used in this population was provided, including a brief overview, number of items, reliability, and validity. In general, different measures were used with considerable variability in the content. Additionally, most measures had limited information on test-retest reliability and validity. Fatigue-related factors mapped into biological, psychological, social, and behavioral factors. Fatigue consequences were primarily declines in physical and cognitive functions. (100-150 words).

Addressing Health Disparities: The Health Department Nurse Lead Executive's Relationship to Improved Community Health.

CONTEXT: The nurse-trained local health department (LHD) lead executive has been shown to be positively associated with LHD performance; however, no other research has explored whether this association translates to improved community health. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between the type of LHD leadership-whether or not the lead executive is a nurse-and changes in health outcomes. DESIGN: This study used a multivariate panel time series design. Each model was estimated as a pooled time series and using time and unit fixed effects, with a 1-year lag used for all covariates and the main predictor. SETTING: A national, county-level data set was compiled containing variables pertaining to the LHD, community demographics, and health outcomes for the years 2010-2018. PARTICIPANTS: The unit of analysis was the LHD. The data set was restricted to those counties with measurable mortality rates during at least 8 of the 9 time periods of the study, resulting in a total of 626 LHDs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The outcomes of interest were changes in 15- to 44-year-old all-cause mortality, infant mortality, and entry into prenatal care. RESULTS: In models with combined time and unit fixed effects, a significant relationship exists between a nurse-led LHD and reduced mortality in the 15- to 44-year-old Black population (-5.2%, P < .05) and a reduction in the Black-White mortality ratio (-6%, P < .05). In addition, there is a relationship between the nurse-led LHD and a reduction in the percentage of the population with late or no entry to prenatal care. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence presented here helps connect the known positive association between nurse lead executives and LHD performance to improvements in community health. It suggests that nurse leaders are associated with health improvements in line with addressing health inequities.

Identifying an Optimal Cut-Off Point for Musculoskeletal Pain in the Upper Extremities to Prevent Lowered Work Performance.

OBJECTIVE: This study identified when musculoskeletal pain (MSP) in the upper extremities indicates lowered work performance to gauge when secondary prevention of musculoskeletal disorders is needed. METHODS: Seven hundred thirty-three subjects from 12 manufacturing or healthcare facilities in Washington state participated. Work performance was measured by the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand work module (DASH-Work). Each DASH-Work score was compared to the mean among U.S. workers to determine if workers had lowered work performance. ROC curve analysis was conducted to find the cut-off in a composite MSP index (summing MSP intensities in shoulders, elbows/forearms, and hands/wrists; range 0 to 24) to detect lowered work performance. RESULTS: The MSP index score of 2 achieved the best balance between sensitivity (0.79) and specificity (0.69) in detecting lowered work performance. CONCLUSIONS: To prevent reduced work performance, moderate or multisite pain may require proper management.

Accelerating the conceptual use of behavioral health research in juvenile court decision-making: study protocol.

BACKGROUND: The youth criminal-legal system is under heavy political scrutiny with multiple calls for significant transformation. Leaders within the system are faced with rethinking traditional models and are likely to benefit from behavioral health research evidence as they redesign systems. Little is known about how juvenile court systems access and use behavioral health research evidence; further, the field lacks a validated survey measure of behavioral health research use that can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of evidence dissemination interventions for policy and system leaders. Conceptual research use is a particularly salient construct for system reform as it describes the process of shifting awareness and the consideration of new frameworks for action. A tool designed to measure the conceptual use of behavioral health research would advance the field's ability to develop effective models of research evidence dissemination, including collaborative planning models to support the use of behavioral health research in reforms of the criminal-legal system. METHODS: The ARC Study is a longitudinal, cohort and measurement validation study. It will proceed in two phases. The first phase will focus on measure development using established methods of construct validity (theoretical review, Delphi methods for expert review, cognitive interviewing). The second phase will involve gathering responses from the developed survey to examine scale psychometrics using Rasch analyses, change sensitivity analyses, and associations between research use exposure and conceptual research use among juvenile court leaders. We will recruit juvenile court leaders (judges, administrators, managers, supervisors) from 80 juvenile court jurisdictions with an anticipated sample size of n = 520 respondents. DISCUSSION: The study will introduce a new measurement tool for the field that will advance implementation science methods for the study of behavioral health research evidence use in complex policy and decision-making interventions. To date, there are few validated survey measures of conceptual research use and no measures that are validated for measuring change in conceptual frameworks over time among agency leaders. While the study is most directly related to leaders in the youth criminal-legal system, the findings are expected to be informative for research focused on leadership and decision-making in diverse fields.

Neighborhoods and health during the transition to adulthood: A scoping review.

Research suggests that neighborhoods play an important role in shaping health outcomes across the life course, but the neighborhood-health link during the transition to adulthood period (18-29 years) is not well studied. A scoping review of 24 studies used thematic analysis to examine the theoretical and methodological approaches of the neighborhood-health literature during this period. Themes illustrate the varied approaches used in this research, including diversity in how neighborhood is defined, theoretical variation regarding the importance of the transition period and the neighborhood-health link, and the importance of gender and race/ethnicity to this area of study. While the literature on this topic is fragmented, with varied definitions and minimal theoretical coherence, all studies found some degree of support for the relationship between neighborhoods and health during the transition to adulthood. Our analysis suggests that future research should focus on developing a theoretical foundation for these relationships in order to clarify key concepts and advance a science to better understand how and why neighborhoods affect health during this period.

The effect of women, infant, and children (WIC) services on birth weight before and during the 2007-2009 great recession in Washington state and Florida: a pooled cross-sectional time series analysis.

BACKGROUND: The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) has been shown to have positive effects in promoting healthy birth outcomes in the United States. We explored whether such effects held prior to and during the most recent Great Recession to improve birth outcomes and reduce differences among key socio-demographic groups. METHODS: We used a pooled cross-sectional time series design to study pregnant women and their infants with birth certificate data. We included Medicaid and uninsured births from Washington State and Florida (n = 226,835) before (01/2005-03/2007) and during (12/2007-06/2009) the Great Recession. Interactions between WIC enrollment and key socio-demographic groupings were analyzed for binary and continuous birth weight outcomes. RESULTS: Our study found beneficial WIC interaction effects on birth weight. For race, prenatal care, and maternal age we found significantly better birth weight outcomes in the presence of WIC compared to those without WIC. For example, being Black with WIC was associated with an increase in infant birth weight of 53.5 g (baseline) (95% CI = 32.4, 74.5) and 58.0 g (recession) (95% CI = 27.8, 88.3). For most groups this beneficial relationship was stable over time. CONCLUSIONS: This paper supports previous research linking maternal utilization of WIC services during pregnancy to improved birth weight (both reducing LBW and increasing infant birth weight in grams) among some high-disadvantage groups. WIC appears to have been beneficial at decreasing disparity gaps in infant birth weight among the very young, Black, and late/no prenatal care enrollees in this high-need population, both before and during the Great Recession. Gaps are still present among other social and demographic characteristic groups (e.g., for unmarried mothers) for whom we did not find WIC to be associated with any detectable value in promoting better birth weight outcomes. Future research needs to examine how WIC (and/or other maternal and child health programs) could be made to work better and reach farther to address persistent disparities in birth weight outcomes. Additionally, in preparation for future economic downturns it will be important to determine how to preserve and, if possible, expand WIC services during times of increased need. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Not applicable, this article reports only on secondary retrospective data (no health interventions with human participants were carried out).

A tailored cognitive behavioral program for juvenile justice-referred females at risk of substance use and delinquency: A pilot quasi-experimental trial.

This pilot quasi-experimental trial tested a gender-responsive cognitive behavioral group intervention with 87 court-involved female adolescents (5 juvenile courts) who were at indicated risk for substance use disorder. Participants in the intervention (n = 57) received twice weekly group sessions for 10 weeks (20 sessions) focused on building emotional, thought and behavior regulation skills and generalizing these skills to relationally-based scenarios (GOAL: Girls Only Active Learning). Youth in the control condition (n = 30) received services as usual, which included non-gender-specific aggression management training, individual counseling and no services. The GOAL program was found to be acceptable to youth and parents and feasible to implement within a juvenile court setting using skilled facilitators. Compared to services as usual, the program significantly and meaningfully reduced self-reported delinquent behavior (ß = 0.84, p < 0.05) over 6 months, and exhibited trend level effects for reduced substance use (ß = 0.40, p = 0.07). The program had mixed or no effects on family conflict and emotion regulation skills. These findings are discussed in light of treatment mechanisms and gender-responsive services.

Social determinants of health and disparities in prenatal care utilization during the Great Recession period 2005-2010.

BACKGROUND: Early, regular prenatal care utilization is an important strategy for improving maternal and infant health outcomes. The purpose of this study is to better understand contributing factors to disparate prenatal care utilization outcomes among women of different racial/ethnic and social status groups before, during, and after the Great Recession (December 2007-June 2009). METHODS: Data from 678,235 Washington (WA) and Florida (FL) birth certificates were linked to community and state characteristic data to carry out cross-sectional pooled time series analyses with institutional review board approval for human subjects' research. Predictors of on-time as compared to late or non-entry to prenatal care utilization (late/no prenatal care utilization) were identified and compared among pregnant women. Also explored was a simulated triadic relationship among time (within recession-related periods), social characteristics, and prenatal care utilization by clustering individual predictors into three scenarios representing low, average, and high degrees of social disadvantage. RESULTS: Individual and community indicators of need (e.g., maternal Medicaid enrollment, unemployment rate) increased during the Recession. Associations between late/no prenatal care utilization and individual-level characteristics (including disparate associations among race/ethnicity groups) did not shift greatly with young maternal age and having less than a high school education remaining the largest contributors to late/no prenatal care utilization. In contrast, individual maternal enrollment in a supplemental nutrition program for women, infants, and children (WIC) exhibited a protective association against late/no prenatal care utilization. The magnitude of association between community-level partisan voting patterns and expenditures on some maternal child health programs increased in non-beneficial directions. Simulated scenarios show a high combined impact on prenatal care utilization among women who have multiple disadvantages. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide a compelling picture of the important roles that individual characteristics-particularly low education and young age-play in late/no prenatal care utilization among pregnant women. Targeted outreach to individuals with high disadvantage characteristics, particularly those with multiple disadvantages, may help to increase first trimester entry to utilization of prenatal care. Finally, WIC may have played a valuable role in reducing late/no prenatal care utilization, and its effectiveness during the Great Recession as a policy-based approach to reducing late/no prenatal care utilization should be further explored.

Self-awareness and the evaluation of hot flash severity: observations from the Seattle Midlife Women's Health Study.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to test the association of two dimensions of self-awareness with hot flash (HF) severity. METHODS: A subset of women from the Seattle Midlife Women's Health Study (N = 232) provided data for these analyses. Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate two dimensions of self-awareness (Internal States Awareness [ISA] and Self-Reflectiveness [SR]), and secondary factors of perceived stress, anxiety, and attitudes toward menopause as continuous with earlier life, health perceptions, and menopausal stage with respect to HF severity. The measurement and structural models were tested with a maximum likelihood missing values estimator and displayed good model fit. RESULTS: Women with greater ISA reported greater HF severity (ß = 0.17, P < 0.05). In addition, women in later menopausal transition stages reported greater HF severity and those with attitudes of continuity toward menopause reported less severe HFs (ß = 0.20, P < 0.01, ß = -0.30, P < 0.001, respectively). SR was not related to HF severity. Women with higher levels of SR reported greater perceived stress levels (ß = .51, P < 0.001), and those with greater perceived stress reported greater anxiety levels (ß = 0.63, P < 0.001) and attitudes of continuity toward menopause as less continuous with earlier life (ß = -0.30, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: ISA (balanced self-awareness) was associated with greater HF severity, suggesting that enhanced balanced self-awareness may promote women's ability to evaluate their symptom experience. A multidimensional construct of self-awareness, perceived stress, anxiety, and attitude toward menopause are all plausible targets for future intervention studies of symptom management.

Identification of Acute Kidney Injury Subphenotypes with Differing Molecular Signatures and Responses to Vasopressin Therapy.

RATIONALE: Currently, no safe and effective pharmacologic interventions exist for acute kidney injury (AKI). One reason may be that heterogeneity exists within the AKI population, thereby hampering the identification of specific pathophysiologic pathways and therapeutic targets. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify and test whether AKI subphenotypes have prognostic and therapeutic implications. METHODS: First, latent class analysis methodology was applied independently in two critically ill populations (discovery [n = 794] and replication [n = 425]) with AKI. Second, a parsimonious classification model was developed to identify AKI subphenotypes. Third, the classification model was applied to patients with AKI in VASST (Vasopressin and Septic Shock Trial; n = 271), and differences in treatment response were determined. In all three populations, AKI was defined using serum creatinine and urine output. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A two-subphenotype latent class analysis model had the best fit in both the discovery (P = 0.004) and replication (P = 0.004) AKI groups. The risk of 7-day renal nonrecovery and 28-day mortality was greater with AKI subphenotype 2 (AKI-SP2) relative to AKI subphenotype 1 (AKI-SP1). The AKI subphenotypes discriminated risk for poor clinical outcomes better than the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes stages of AKI. A three-variable model that included markers of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation accurately determined subphenotype membership (C-statistic 0.92). In VASST, vasopressin compared with norepinephrine was associated with improved 90-day mortality in AKI-SP1 (27% vs. 46%, respectively; P = 0.02), but no significant difference was observed in AKI-SP2 (45% vs. 49%, respectively; P = 0.99) and the P value for interaction was 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis identified two molecularly distinct AKI subphenotypes with different clinical outcomes and responses to vasopressin therapy. Identification of AKI subphenotypes could improve risk prognostication and may be useful for predictive enrichment in clinical trials.

Polymorphisms in Estrogen Synthesis Genes and Symptom Clusters During the Menopausal Transition and Early Postmenopause: Observations From the Seattle Midlife Women's Health Study.

During the menopausal transition and early postmenopause, participants in the Seattle Midlife Women's Health Study (SMWHS) experienced one of the three symptom severity clusters identified through latent class analysis: severe hot flashes with moderate sleep, mood, cognitive, and pain symptoms (high-severity hot flash); low-severity hot flashes with moderate levels of all other symptom groups (moderate severity); and low levels of all symptom groups (low severity). In an effort to determine whether gene polymorphisms were associated with these symptom severity classes, we tested associations between gene polymorphisms in the estrogen synthesis pathways (cytochrome P450 19 [CYP 19] and 17 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase [ 17HSDB1]) and the three symptom severity clusters. SMWHS participants ( N = 137) recorded symptoms monthly in diaries and provided buccal smears for genotyping. Multilevel latent class analysis with multinomial regression was used to determine associations between gene polymorphisms and symptom severity clusters. Only the 17HSDB1 polymorphisms ( rs615942 and rs592389) were associated significantly with the high-severity hot flash cluster versus the low-severity symptom cluster. None of the polymorphisms was associated with the moderate-severity cluster versus the low-severity symptom cluster. Findings of associations of the 17HSDB1 polymorphisms with the high-severity hot flash symptom cluster are consistent with those of an association between 17HSDB1 polymorphisms and hot flashes in the Study of Women and Health Across the Nation population and our previous findings of associations between these polymorphisms with greater estrone levels.

The Consequences of Contact with the Criminal Justice System for Health in the Transition to Adulthood.

A rapidly growing literature has documented the adverse social, economic and, recently, health impacts of experiencing incarceration in the United States. Despite the insights that this work has provided in consistently documenting the deleterious effects of incarceration, little is known about the specific timing of criminal justice contact and early health consequences during the transition from adolescence to adulthood-a critical period in the life course, particularly for the development of poor health. Previous literature on the role of incarceration has also been hampered by the difficulties of parsing out the influence that incarceration exerts on health from the social and economic confounding forces that are linked to both criminal justice contact and health. This paper addresses these two gaps in the literature by examining the association between incarceration and health in the United States during the transition to adulthood, and by using an analytic approach that better isolates the association of incarceration with health from the multitude of confounders which could be alternatively driving this association. In this endeavor, we make use of variable-rich data from The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (n = 10,785) and a non-parametric Bayesian machine learning technique- Bayesian Additive Regression Trees. Our results suggest that the experience of incarceration at this stage of the life course increases the probability of depression, adversely affects the perception of general health status, but has no effect on the probability of developing hypertension in early adulthood. These findings signal that incarceration in emerging adulthood is an important stressor that can have immediate implications for mental and general health in early adulthood, and may help to explain long lasting implications incarceration has for health across the life course.