ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Foreign body ingestion is a common problem in the pediatric age group. Infants and young children explore objects by putting them in the mouth. DATA SOURCES: We reviewed the most recent literatures regarding the incidence, clinical presentation, as well as the most recent advances in the diagnostic and therapeutic modalities of foreign body ingestion in children. RESULTS: In 2007 more than 125 000 foreign body ingestions in patients of 19 years old and younger were reported to American Poison Control Centers in the USA. The majority of ingested foreign bodies pass spontaneously. CONCLUSIONS: Some foreign bodies can be harmful and require evaluation and intervention. The challenge in management is to distinguish the patients who require intervention from those who can be safely observed. In this review we suggest an algorithm for evaluation and management of children suspected to ingest a radiopaque foreign body.
Subject(s)
Foreign Bodies , Algorithms , Child , Child Behavior , Eating , Foreign Bodies/complications , Foreign Bodies/diagnosis , Foreign Bodies/etiology , Foreign Bodies/therapy , HumansABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The problem of obesity in children has grown considerably in recent years in the United States as well as the rest of the world. This has resulted in a marked increase in the prevalence of nonalcoholic liver disease in the pediatric age group. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently the most common hepatic disorder seen in pediatric hepatology practice. DATA SOURCES: We have reviewed the most recent literature regarding the prevalence, pathogenesis as well as the most recent advances in the diagnostic and therapeutic modalities of NAFLD in children. RESULTS: NAFLD affects a substantial portion of the population including children. CONCLUSIONS: The rising incidence of NAFLD, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis emphasizes the need for effective treatment options. The lack of complete understanding of the pathogenesis of NAFLD still limits our ability to develop novel therapeutic modalities that can target the metabolic derangements implicated in the development of the disorder.
Subject(s)
Fatty Liver/epidemiology , Child , Comorbidity , Disease Progression , Fatty Liver/diagnosis , Fatty Liver/physiopathology , Fatty Liver/therapy , Humans , Liver Cirrhosis/epidemiology , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Obesity/epidemiology , Obesity/therapy , PrevalenceABSTRACT
Orthotopic liver transplantation is an accepted therapy for patients with acute and chronic liver disease including patients with hepatic based metabolic disease. In this review non-transplant options for the treatment of patients with liver disease including those with metabolic disorders are discussed.
