ABSTRACT
A plate dialyser requiring an extracorporeal blood volume of 1.5 ml was developed to dialyse conscious rats. In experiments in vitro and in vivo its function was tested. The in vitro clearances of urea, creatinine and potassium were 126+/-9 ml/min/m2, 70.5+/-9 ml/min/m2, and 132.5+/-13 ml/min/m2, respectively. The method appears to be suitable for pharmacological and toxicological studies.
Subject(s)
Kidneys, Artificial , Rats/physiology , Animals , Creatinine/blood , Female , Urea/bloodABSTRACT
In a comprehensive survey the diagnostic and therapeutic problems of pyelonephritis and glomerulonephritis are discussed. The importance of thorough nephrological diagnostics is pointed out. The first section of the paper describes the diagnostic procedures such as x-ray and laboratory work (tubular proteinuria, antibody-coated bacteria) and the chemotherapy in pyelonephritis. The second part deals with glomerulonephritis, the aspects of histological classification, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic principles, prognosis, and results of therapy with penicillin G (acute form), corticosteroids, azathioprine, indomethacin, and cyclophosphamide.
Subject(s)
Glomerulonephritis/diagnosis , Pyelonephritis/diagnosis , Glomerulonephritis/therapy , Humans , Long-Term Care , Methods , Pyelonephritis/therapyABSTRACT
The activity of plasma diamine oxidase (pyridoxal containing amine oxidase, histaminase, DAO), E. C. N. 1. 4. 3. 6., was found to be normal in 14 patients with chronic renal disease of different origins. However, after administration of heparin (200 IU/kg body weight, i.v.), the release of the enzyme into the plasma of the patients was markedly decreased when compared to that found in a group of 8 healthy volunteers. In patients with chronic renal failure the plasma concentration of pyridoxalphosphate, the coenzyme of DAO, was found to be significantly decreased. Furthermore methylguanidine, which is thought to be an important uremic toxin, was shown to be a potent non-competitive inhibitor of DAO in vitro (Ki5 X 10(5) M). The organ concentrations of methylguanidine are thought to correspond with the Ki value detected, as distribution studies using the tritiated toxin revealed organ accumulation up to five times the plasma level. Therefore, the decrease of DAO release after heparin stimulation in patients with chronic renal failure may be explained, in part, by inhibition of the enzyme as well as by a decreased coenzyme level. The results suggest that disturbed histamine metabolism may be involved in the production of some of the clinical symptoms commonly associated with chronic renal failure.
Subject(s)
Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing)/metabolism , Guanidines/metabolism , Kidney Failure, Chronic/enzymology , Methylguanidine/metabolism , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing)/antagonists & inhibitors , Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing)/blood , Animals , Female , Heparin/pharmacology , Humans , Male , Methylguanidine/pharmacology , Middle Aged , Pyridoxal Phosphate/deficiency , RatsABSTRACT
In vitro 14C-Methyl-Phalloidin is found to be well dialysable; in vivo dialysis is less effective. In rats the application of 2 mg/kg Phalloidin i.v. led to death after 106 minutes on the average. Hemodialysis with electrolyte-glucose solution or with plasma protein solution immediately started after Phalloidin injection did not alter the survival time significantly. Only a group of rats which was cross dialysed immediately after intoxication showed a statistically insignificant prolongation of survival time of 16 minutes. The histomorphological findings of the liver were similar in all groups. We found a phalloidinic vacuolisation of the cytoplasm of the lobular periphery, hemorrhagic necrosis and also fatty changes in the periphery of the lobule with small fat droplets and pycnosis of nuclei. Specific Phalloidin effects, too, were found in the liver of both animals used in cross-dialysis, which proves that Phalloidin is dialysable by this method.
