ABSTRACT
A 5' Taq nuclease assay utilizing Minor Groove Binder technology and targeting the thymidine kinase gene of gallid herpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1) was designed and optimized for use in diagnosing avian infectious laryngotracheitis. The assay was specific for GaHV-1 in that it did not react with other avian viral or bacterial pathogens. The detection limit was 1.0x10(-2) median tissue culture infectious dose per reaction or 90 target copies per reaction. Fifteen out of 41 diagnostic samples from sick birds reacted in the assay, five of which produced a typical alphaherpesvirus cytopathic effect (CPE) on chicken kidney (CK) cells. Sequencing, using amplicons generated by a polymerase chain reaction with primers flanking the 5' Taq nuclease amplicon, confirmed the presence of GaHV-1 in six samples (two producing alphaherpesvirus CPE on CK cells, three not producing alphaherpesvirus CPE, and one that was not inoculated onto CK cells). Tracheal swabs taken from 18 healthy broilers did not react in the assay. The ability of the assay to determine viral load in samples was demonstrated. Overall the assay is suitable for the rapid diagnosis of infectious laryngotracheitis.
Subject(s)
Biological Assay/methods , Herpesviridae Infections , Herpesvirus 1, Gallid , Laryngitis/veterinary , Poultry Diseases , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Thymidine Kinase/genetics , Tracheitis/veterinary , Animals , Chickens , Clinical Laboratory Techniques , Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral , DNA, Viral , Herpesviridae Infections/diagnosis , Herpesviridae Infections/veterinary , Herpesviridae Infections/virology , Herpesvirus 1, Gallid/genetics , Herpesvirus 1, Gallid/isolation & purification , Kidney/cytology , Kidney/virology , Laryngitis/virology , Poultry Diseases/diagnosis , Poultry Diseases/virology , Trachea/virology , Tracheitis/virologyABSTRACT
Artificial insemination is widely used in the cattle industry and a major challenge is to ensure that semen is free of infectious agents. A healthy donor bull was tested for freedom from infectious agents. A bovine herpesvirus was isolated in testis cells and identified as bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5) by polymerase chain reaction and by direct amplicon sequencing. The amplicon sequence shared 100% similarity with the published sequence of BoHV-5. This is the first report in Australia of BoHV-5 in semen. The implications of this finding are discussed.
Subject(s)
Cattle Diseases/epidemiology , Encephalitis, Viral/veterinary , Herpesviridae Infections/veterinary , Herpesvirus 5, Bovine/isolation & purification , Meningoencephalitis/veterinary , Semen/virology , Animals , Australia , Cattle , Cattle Diseases/transmission , Cattle Diseases/virology , DNA, Viral/chemistry , DNA, Viral/genetics , Encephalitis, Viral/epidemiology , Encephalitis, Viral/transmission , Encephalitis, Viral/virology , Herpesviridae Infections/epidemiology , Herpesviridae Infections/transmission , Herpesviridae Infections/virology , Insemination, Artificial/veterinary , Male , Meningoencephalitis/epidemiology , Meningoencephalitis/transmission , Meningoencephalitis/virology , Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinaryABSTRACT
A 5' Taq nuclease assay utilising minor groove binder technology and targeting the 16S rRNA gene was designed to detect Pasteurella multocida (the causative agent of fowl cholera) in swabs collected from poultry. The assay was first evaluated using pure cultures. The assay correctly identified four P. multocida taxonomic type strains, 18 P. multocida serovar reference strains and 40 Australian field isolates (17 from poultry, 11 from pigs and 12 from cattle). Representatives of nine other Pasteurella species, 26 other bacterial species (18 being members of the family Pasteurellaceae) and four poultry virus isolates did not react in the assay. The assay detected a minimum of approximately 10 cfu of P. multocida per reaction. Of 79 poultry swabs submitted to the laboratory for routine bacteriological culture, 17 were positive in the 5' Taq nuclease assay, but only 10 were positive by culture. The other 62 swabs were negative for P. multocida by both 5' Taq nuclease assay and culture. The assay is suitable for use in diagnosing fowl cholera, is more rapid than bacteriological culture, and may also have application in diagnosing P. multocida infections in cattle and pigs.
