ABSTRACT
The analysis of communicative intents is described as it has developed over time, beginning with J.L. Austin's work published in 1975. Recommendations for best practice are offered in which a situated approach is advocated. Key elements of this approach are a focus on contextual variables and open-ended, rather than list-oriented, assessments of range of intents. It is argued that intents must be assessed relative to the environment, with documentation of environmental variables such as barriers to communicative opportunity. Further, caution is urged in using lists of intents as the sole guide to analysis, because such lists serve to limit awareness of individual differences and multifunctionality of utterances.
Subject(s)
Communication , Speech , Child , Child Language , Child, Preschool , Humans , Linguistics , Male , Verbal BehaviorABSTRACT
Sources of difficulty in comprehending conversational questions for individuals with autism may be multifarious, given the complexity of the disorder. This study investigated success in responding to naturalistic conversational questions by six young adults with autism, using a quantitative discourse analytic method. Subjects, aged 19-21, who were able to converse in at least simple sentences, were engaged in conversation about events and activities in their lives. From the transcripts of these conversations, four types of questions were isolated for analysis: more than seven words in length; multiclausal; requiring inference; and indirect requests for information. It was predicted that inference-based questions would be more difficult than the other types. Findings did not support this prediction. All four types showed a higher failure rate than the overall failure rate for responses to conversational questions. Clinical implications include the need for conversational assessment of receptive language functioning for individuals with autism. Suggestions for such assessments are provided.
Subject(s)
Autistic Disorder/complications , Language Disorders/etiology , Speech Disorders/etiology , Adult , Humans , Language Disorders/diagnosis , Speech Disorders/diagnosis , Speech PerceptionABSTRACT
A series of alpha-(2-pyridine)benzyl aryl ketones were prepared as potential hypocholesteremic agents. The synthesis of these compounds was by conversion of 2-benzylpyridine to its anion with n-butyllithium and condensation of the anion with selected aromatic esters. The ketones were tested for their hypocholesteremic activity in rats, and those compounds showing activity were further tested for estrogenicity. Only those aryl ketones with substituents in the ortho position showed a statistically significant reduction in serum cholesterol. Of these compounds the tert-butyl derivative had the most favorable hypocholesteremic to estrogenic ratio.
Subject(s)
Anticholesteremic Agents/chemical synthesis , Pyridines/chemical synthesis , Animals , Estrogens, Non-Steroidal/chemical synthesis , Female , Ketones/chemical synthesis , Ketones/pharmacology , Male , Pyridines/pharmacology , Rats , Structure-Activity RelationshipSubject(s)
Alcoholism/therapy , Military Medicine , Alcohol Drinking , Attitude , Humans , United StatesSubject(s)
Alcoholism/prevention & control , Military Medicine , Alcoholism/therapy , Humans , United StatesABSTRACT
1-(3-Chlorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxphenyl)-1-methyl-2(2-pyridine)ethanol (8a) has been synthesized and found to be the major urinary metabolite following intraperitoneal administration of 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-1-methyl-2-phenyl-2-(2-pyridine)ethanol (1) to rats. This metabolite has a hypocholesteremic effect in rats similar to that of the parent drug.
Subject(s)
Anticholesteremic Agents/chemical synthesis , Pyridines/chemical synthesis , Animals , Cholesterol/blood , Male , Pyridines/pharmacology , Pyridines/urine , Rats , Time FactorsABSTRACT
In a serological survey for arboviruses carried out in 8 areas of Uganda between 1967 and 1969, altogether 1869 human sera were tested with 8 antigens by the haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test. Mouse neutralization tests (NT) with Group-B viruses were also performed on selected sera.The prevalence of arbovirus antibodies was found to vary considerably between the different areas. Very few people in the highland area of Kigezi had antibody to any of the antigens used, whereas more than half of the sera from the Madi area near the Nile had antibody to several antigens. The chikungunya antibody prevalent in the West Nile, Madi and Bwamba areas is thought probably to represent previous infection with the cross-reacting o'nyong-nyong virus. Bunyamwera antibody was also highly prevalent in Madi (66.7% of children's sera and 81.5% of adult sera).The combined HI and NT results indicate that yellow fever continues to be infrequent in Uganda (only 31 sera had yellow fever neutralizing antibody); there is no evidence of recent yellow fever infection in Bwamba, an area in which this disease was previously considered endemic.
