Quality-of-life evaluation in chronic wounds: comparative analysis of three disease-specific questionnaires.

The study directly compared the feasibility and performance of three instruments measuring health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in chronic ulcers: the Freiburg Life Quality Assessment for wounds (FLQA-w), the Cardiff Wound Impact Schedule (CWIS) and the Würzburg Wound Score (WWS). The questionnaires were evaluated in a randomly assigned order in a longitudinal observational study of leg ulcer patients. Psychometric properties (internal consistency, responsiveness and construct validity) were analysed. Patient acceptance was recorded. Analysis of n = 154 patients revealed good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha ≥ 0·85) for all instruments. There were minor floor effects in all questionnaires (<1%) and some ceiling effects in the CWIS. Construct validity was satisfactory, for example, correlation with EuroQoL-5D was r = 0·70 in the FLQA-w, r = 0·47/0·67/0·68 in the CWIS dimensions and r = 0·60 in the WWS. The proportion of missing values was higher in the CWIS, and overall patient acceptance was highest in the FLQA-w for wounds (54% best preferences) and lowest in the WWS (14%). In conclusion, the FLQA-w, the CWIS and the WWS are reliable, sensitive and valid instruments for the assessment of HRQoL in leg ulcers. However, they show differences in clinical feasibility and patient acceptance.

Compression therapy - cross-sectional observational survey about knowledge and practical treatment of specialised and non-specialised nurses and therapists.

Knowledge about methods and materials and their correct usage is the basis for compression therapy. This study compares knowledge and practical skills of participants with further training with those who had no training. This comparison provides information on whether further qualifications have an impact on knowledge and practical skills. In seminars for compression therapy, data on specific and non-specific expertise were acquired. A practical test determined the participants' skills for creating a compression bandage in a pressure value range of 50-60 mmHg. In total, 1338 participants with specific expertise and 138 participants with non-specific expertise took part. Knowledge evaluation showed that 7·9% of the specific expertise group had knowledge regarding padding, 10% regarding multi-component systems and 13·6% regarding ulcer stocking systems. In the practical test, 12·3% of all participants achieved the target range. The majority of users in both groups is not familiar with the different compression materials or their appropriate usage. In the non-specific expertise group, knowledge concerning up-to-date materials and methods is one-third lower. The practical test showed major deficits on both sides. Appropriate exercises, for example, with pressure-measuring devices, should be mandatory for all professional groups who perform compression bandaging.

Quality of life in patients with primary and secondary lymphedema in the community.

Lymphedema is a complex and burdensome medical problem and requires continuous specific therapy. The aim of this cross-sectional study of community lymphedema care in the metropolitan area of Hamburg, Germany, was to evaluate health-related quality of life (QoL) in lymphedema patients. Generic as well as disease-specific health-related QoL was assessed using EQ-5D and FLQA-LK, respectively. Pain was assessed using a visual analogue scale (VAS). About 301 patients (median age of 60.5 years, 90.8% female) with lymphedema of any origin were included. About 66.4% had lymphedema, 24.1% combined lipolymphedema, and 9.5% lipoedema. Mean disease-specific QoL (FLQA-LK) was 2.4 (range 0 = no to 4 = maximum burden). The highest impairment values were observed in subscales for physical complaints, everyday life, and emotional well-being. Mean EQ-5D VAS was 70.4, mean EQ-5D score 63.3. Lymphedema was associated with major impairments in QoL, which differed for subgroups of pain, clinical severity, and comorbidity. Pain as a common problem for lymphedema patients seemed to be underestimated and undertreated. Early diagnosis and structured treatment strategies are urgently needed.

Epidemiology and use of compression treatment in venous leg ulcers: nationwide claims data analysis in Germany.

Chronic venous diseases are the most common causes of leg ulcers. Compression treatment (CT) is a central component of venous leg ulcer (VLU) therapy along with prevention based on guidelines and clinical evidence. However, large-scale data on the use of CT are rare. In particular, there have not yet been published nationwide data for Germany. We analysed data from a large German statutory health insurance (SHI) on incident VLU between 2010 and 2012. VLUs were identified by ICD-10 diagnoses. The status of active disease was defined by wound-specific treatments. Compression stockings and bandages were identified by SHI medical device codes. The overall estimated incident rate of active VLU of all insured persons was 0·34% from 2010 to 2012. Adapted to the overall German population, n = 229 369 persons nationwide had an incident VLU in 2010-2012. Among all VLU patients, only 40·6% received CT within 1 year, including 83·3% stockings, 31·8% bandages and 3·1% multi-component compression systems. Compression rates showed significant differences by gender and age. Large regional variations were observed. Validity of data is suggested by high concordance with a primary cohort study. Although recommended by guidelines, there is still a marked under-provision of care, with CT in incident VLUs in Germany requiring active measures.

Compression therapy - current practice of care: level of knowledge in patients with venous leg ulcers.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Compression therapy is a mainstay in the causal treatment of patients with venous leg ulcers. It facilitates healing, reduces pain and recurrences, and increases quality of life. Up until now, there is a scarcity of scientific data with respect to the level of care and the specific knowledge of patients with venous leg ulcers. PATIENTS AND METHODS: At first presentation, patients with venous leg ulcers anonymously answered a standardized questionnaire. Participating facilities nationwide included 55 outpatient care services, 32 medical practices, four wound centers, and one specialized care center. RESULTS: Overall, 177 patients (mean age of 69.4; 75.1 % women) participated in the study. The average duration of florid venous leg ulcers was 17 months. With regard to compression therapy, 31.1 % of patients received none; 40.1 % used bandages; 28.8 % used stockings. Of the latter, 13.7 % were treated with compression class III; 67.4 %, with compression class II; and 19.6 %; with compression class I. While 70.6 % put on their stockings after getting out of bed in the morning, 21.1 % wore them day and night. In 39.2 % of individuals, the stockings caused them discomfort. Merely 11.7 % owned a donning device. On average, bandages were worn for 40.7 weeks, and 69 % were used without underpadding. In 2.8 % of patients, ankle and calf circumference was measured to monitor therapeutic success. 45.9 % reported doing leg exercises. CONCLUSIONS: Although it is considered a basic therapeutic measure in venous leg ulcers, one-third of all patients received no compression treatment. Moreover, given the long duration of ulcers, adequate product selection and correct use have to be questioned, too. Our findings indicate that improvements in the level of knowledge among users and prescribers as well as patient training are required.

Kompressionstherapie - Versorgungspraxis: Informationsstand von Patienten mit Ulcus cruris venosum.

HINTERGRUND UND ZIELE: Eine Säule der kausalen Therapie bei Patienten mit Ulcus cruris venosum ist die Kompressionstherapie. Sie unterstützt die Abheilung, reduziert Schmerzen und Rezidive und steigert die Lebensqualität. Bislang existieren kaum wissenschaftliche Daten zu dem Versorgungsstand und fachspezifischem Wissen von Patienten mit Ulcus cruris venosum. PATIENTEN UND METHODIK: Standardisierte Fragebögen wurden bundesweit in 55 Pflegediensten, 32 Arztpraxen, vier Wundzentren und -sprechstunden sowie einem Pflegetherapiestützpunkt von Patienten mit Ulcus cruris venosum bei Erstvorstellung anonym ausgefüllt. ERGEBNISSE: Insgesamt nahmen 177 Patienten (Durchschnittsalter 69,4 Jahre; 75,1 % Frauen) teil. Ein florides Ulcus cruris venosum bestand im Mittel 17 Monate. 31,1 % hatten keine Kompressionstherapie, 40,1 % Binden und 28,8 % Strümpfe. Bei der Bestrumpfung hatten 13,7 % Kompressionsklasse III, 64,7 % Kompressionsklasse II und 19,6 % Kompressionsklasse I. 70,6 % legten die Strümpfe nach dem Aufstehen an, 21,1 % trugen sie Tag und Nacht. 39,2 % bereiteten die Strümpfe Beschwerden. Lediglich 11,7 % hatten eine An- und Ausziehhilfe. Die Binden wurden im Mittel 40,7 Wochen getragen und bei 69 % nicht unterpolstert. Bei 2,8 % wurde der Knöchel- und Waden-Umfang zur Erfolgskontrolle gemessen. Venensport machten 45,9 %. SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN: Ein Drittel hatte keine Kompressionsversorgung, obwohl diese eine Basismaßnahme der Therapie des Ulcus cruris venosum ist. Zudem ist deren korrekte Auswahl und Anwendung angesichts der langen Bestandsdauer der Ulzerationen zu hinterfragen. Weiterführende Fachkenntnisse bei Anwendern und Verordnern sowie Patientenschulungen sind erforderlich.

Epidemiology of chronic wounds in Germany: Analysis of statutory health insurance data.

Epidemiologic analyses in routine care of chronic wounds are scarce, and published studies show wide variations. This study analyzes the population-based prevalence and incidence of chronic wounds in Germany. Secondary analyses of data from a German statutory health insurance with about 9 million insured persons were examined (2010 to 2012). Internal diagnostic validations were used to control for different inclusion criteria. In 2012, 1.04% (95% CI 1.03-1.05) of insured patients had a wound diagnosis, including 0.70% with leg ulcers and 0.27% with diabetic ulcers. Wound treatment was received by 0.43% (0.43-0.44) of patients. Prevalence and incidence increased over 3 years. Extrapolated to the German population, there were 786,407 prevalent and 196,602 incident chronic wounds, including 326,334/172,026 patients who underwent wound-relevant treatment in 2012. There is an annually increasing frequency of chronic wounds in Germany. Chronic wound epidemiology is sensitive to wound treatment as a filter criterion.

Loss of interface pressure in various compression bandage systems over seven days.

BACKGROUND: Manufacturers' instructions of multi-component compression bandage systems inform that these products can remain up to 7 days during the therapy of venous leg ulcer. This implies that the pressure needed will be sustained during this time. OBJECTIVE: The present research investigated the persistence of pressure of compression systems over 7 days. METHODS: All 6 compression systems available in Germany at the time of the trial were tested on 35 volunteering persons without signs of venous leg disease. Bandaging with short-stretch bandages was included for comparison. Pressure was measured by using PicoPress®. RESULTS: Initially, all products showed sufficient resting pressure of 40 mm Hg checked with a pressure monitor, except for one system in which the pressure fell by at least 23.8%, the maximum being 47.5% over a period of 7 days. CONCLUSION: The currently available compression systems are not fit to keep the required pressure. Optimized products need to be developed.

Compression therapy: scientific background and practical applications.

BACKGROUND: Compression bandaging is the most prevalent form of treatment for venous leg ulcers. Successful treatment requires knowledge of the appropriate materials and the ability to employ them following current guidelines. This study investigates German health-care providers for their knowledge of bandage materials and their practical ability in applying short-stretch compression bandages. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: Within the framework of nationwide practical education on compression therapy, the participants' knowledge was quantified by asking standardized questions. Furthermore, their practical ability was evaluated by having them apply compression bandages within a pressure range of 50-60 mmHg. Another criterion was the pressure drop after a four-time dorsiflexion. RESULTS: Overall, 891 providers (3.3 % physicians, 5.5 % medical assistants, 90.7 % nursing staff) participated. Within the practical test only few (just under 10%) applied the bandages with the intended pressure; 77.0 % applied them below and 13.7 % above the target pressure. After a four-time dorsiflexion there was an average pressure drop of 6.7 mmHg. Surveying the participant's skills revealed that only 11.9 % knew about padding beneath compression bandages, 15.0 % knew of multi-component systems, and 14.8 % were familiar with ulcer stocking systems. CONCLUSIONS: Clearly, compression material and its application are unfamiliar to most practice employees. Without question there are deficits in the provision of compression therapy.

Dietary glycaemic index and glycaemic load among Australian children and adolescents.

There are no published data regarding the overall dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) of Australian children and adolescents. We therefore aim to describe the dietary GI and GL of participants of the 2007 Australian National Children's Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (2007ANCNPAS), and to identify the main foods contributing to their GL. Children, aged 2-16 years, who provided two 24 h recalls in the 2007ANCNPAS were included. A final dataset of 4184 participants was analysed. GI of each food item was assigned using a previously published method. GL was calculated, and food groups contributing to the GL were described by age group and sex. The weighted mean dietary GI and GL of the participants were 54 (SD 5) and 136 (SD 44), respectively. Among the nutrients examined, Ca had the highest inverse relationship with GI (P < 0·001), while percentage energy from starch was most positively associated with GI. The association between fibre density and GI was modest, and percentage energy from sugar had an inverse relationship with GI. Daily dietary GL contributed by energy-dense and/or nutrient-poor (EDNP) items in subjects aged 14-16 years was more than doubled that of subjects aged 2-3 years. To conclude, Australian children and adolescents were having a high-GI dietary pattern characterised by high-starchy food intake and low Ca intake. A significant proportion of their dietary GL was from EDNP foods. Efforts to reduce dietary GI and GL in children and adolescents should focus on energy-dense starchy foods.

The views of primary care physicians on health risks from electromagnetic fields.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to find out what primary care physicians in Germany think about the possible health risks of electromagnetic fields (EMF) and how they deal with this topic in discussions with patients. METHODS: Questionnaires were mailed to a nationwide, representative sample drawn from the regional associations of statutory health insurance physicians in Germany, consisting of 2795 primary care physicians (7% random sample of the total number in the country). 435 of them returned four-page questionnaires (response rate, 23.3%), and 456 returned a one-page questionnaire (response rate, 49.1%). They were asked about their views on the health risks of electromagnetic fields and about their experience with patients on this topic. RESULTS: 61.4% of the primary care physicians reported having discussed the possible health risks of electromagnetic fields with at least one patient. In 73.4% of these discussions, the patient raised the subject first and presumed that such risks do, in fact, exist. Among all discussions in which the patient expressed this concern, the physician considered the association to be plausible only 24.1% of the time. In half of all consultations in which EMF was discussed as a possible danger, the physician recommended some type of protective measure. The most frequent recommendation was to remove electrical equipment; the second most frequent, to move to another location. The physicians' answers to the questionnaires revealed a poor knowledge of the properties and risks of electromagnetic fields. CONCLUSION: Primary care physicians often discuss the putative health risks of electromagnetic fields with their patients, yet their recommendations very often are not evidence-based and might have major consequences in their patients' lives.

German wide cross sectional survey on health impacts of electromagnetic fields in the view of general practitioners.

OBJECTIVES: The proportion of general practitioners (GPs) in Germany who assume health impacts of electromagnetic fields (EMF) is assessed. Moreover, factors associated with this risk perception are examined. METHODS: A 7% random sample was drawn from online lists of all the GPs working in Germany. 1,867 doctors received a long version of a self-administered postal questionnaire about EMF and health (response rate 23.3%), 928 doctors received a short version (response rate 49.1%). RESULTS: 37.3% of responders to the short and 57.5% of responders to the long questionnaire agreed "that there are persons whose health complaints are caused by EMF when legal limit values are met". A late responder analysis for the survey with the short questionnaire led to a still lower estimate of 29% for GPs believing in health-relevant effects of EMF. CONCLUSION: About a third of German GPs associate EMF with health complaints and thus deviate considerably from current scientific knowledge. To avoid a strong selection bias in the surveys of the perception of EMF risks, use of short questionnaires and late responder analysis are recommended.